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PHILADELPHIA 


Class. 6.6.6,3.     Book..£)-.S-S6-.    Accession. 3.?\..?t.Q... 


Digitized  by 

tine  Internet  Arcliive 

in  2015 

https://archive.org/details/reportonhydrauliOObeck_0 


EEPOET 


ON  THE  ■<yy  " 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL, 


TO 


MESSRS.  II.  CHAMPIN  AND  GILLET, 

SOLE  REPRESENTATIVES  AND  AGENTS  FOR  NORTH  AMERICA  OF  MM.  L. 
E.  PAVIN  DE  LAFARGE  AND  SOULLIER  &  BRUNOT,  THE 
ONLY  MANUFACTURERS  IN  FRANCE, 

9   NASSAU  STREET,   NEW  YORK, 


FABRICATION  _  A^^P'^USe: 

IN  THE    , 

CONSTRUCTION  OF  'MAMNE  Y/OBK-?,  OANALS,*  AQUEDUCTS, 
SEWERS,  TUNNELS,  RAILROADS,  BRIDGES,  BUILDINGS, 
FOUNDATIONS,  FLOORS,  ARTIFICIAL  STONE, 
ETC.,  ETC. 

BY 

LEONARD  F.  BECKWITH, 

CIVIL  ENGINEER, 

GRADUATE  OP  THE  ECOLE  CENTRALE  DES  ARTS  ET  MANUFACTURES,  PARIS ;  MEMBER  OF  THE 
AMERICAN  SOCIETY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERS,  CORRESPONDING  MEMBER  OF 
THE  AMERICAN  INSTITUTE  OP  ARCHITECTS. 


c 

NEW  YOEK: 
D.  VAN  NOSTEAND,  PUBLISHER, 

23  Murray  and  27  Warren  Street. 

1  87  3. 


IB73 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1873,  bj 

•  t  Van  ^5^osTE^A^^t>,;.^': 

•  •••         ••I  *    *  *  \    ••••  • 

in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  ottTo^^^e^fe  at  •Washington. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Preface   7 

Fabrication  op  Teil  Hydraulic  Lime: 

General  Description  ^   9 

Quarries   0 

Burning   10 

Slaking   10 

Screening   10 

Packing   11 

Composition,  Strength,  and  Methods  of  Using  Teil  Hydraulic 
Lime  : 

Analyses  of  Teil  Limestone   13 

Analyses  of  Teil  Hydraulic  Lime   13 

Theory  of  Concretion   13 

Weight  of  Teil  Hydraulic  Lime   16 

Tests  of  Strength   16 

Slaking  and  Mixing   18 

Proportions  of  Teil  Mortars  and  Betons   19 

Applications  of  Teil  Hydraulic  Lime: 

Marine  Structures   21 

Investigations   21 

Action  of  Sea-Water  on  Mortars   22 

Comparison  between  Teil  Lime  and  Cements . . »   23 

Action  of  Sea- Water  on  Teil  Lime   26 

Action  of  Salts  of  Magnesia   26 

Action  of  Carbonic  Acid   28  ^ 

Plants  and  Shells   29 

Storms  and  Currents   29 

Tides   29 

Economy  of  Teil  Lime  compared  with  Cements   30 

Use  of  Teil  Lime  in  Seaports   32 


4  CONTENTS. 

Application  of  Teil  Hydraulic  Lime  :  page 

Marseilles   83 

Toulon   34 

Algiers   34 

Port  Said   34 

Alexandria   35 

General  Observations   36 

Canals,  Sewers,  Aqueducts   37 

Bridges,  Railroads,  Tunnels   38 

Warehouses,  Buildings,  Foundations,  Cellars   38 

Artificial  Stones   39 

Bricks  and  Slabs  for  Floors  and  Partition  Walls    40 

Conclusion   40 

APPENDIX. 

Fabrication  of  Artificial  Blocks  of  Teil  Beton  at  Mar- 
seilles : 

General  Description  of  the  Yard  of  Fabrication   41 . 

Fabrication  of  the  Mortar.   Proportions   43 

Fabrication  of  the  Beton  and  Blocks.    Proportions   45 

Lifting,  Loading,  and  Transportation  of  the  Blocks   49 

Employment  of  Artificial  Blocks   51 

J  etties   51 

Quay  Walls   52 

Personnel  and  Labor  required   54 

Description  of  a  Smaller  Yard  of  Fabrication   56 

Cost  of  Fabrication  of  Teil  Beton  Blocks — Marseilles — New  York.  57 
Certificates  : 

Port  of  Marseilles   61 

Port  Said,  Suez  Canal   64 

Port  of  Toulon   65 

Port  of  Cette   66 

Port  Vendres   66 

Port  of  St.  Malo   67 

Pointe  de  Grave   67 

Port  of  St.  Jean  de  Luz   68 

Port  of  Barcelona   68 

Port  of  Algiers   69 

Port  of  Oran   70 

Port  of  Philippeville   70 


t  ■^)^.\ 

CONTENTS.  ^^^r^  '\-;X5 

Certificates:  pagbI 

Port  of  A jaccio   ^ . .  , :  C  .\   71  ^, 

Port  of  Bastia  Wv  .'^ .  ^^^7li 

Port  of  Isle-Kousse  Sh^*-,^^ 

Port  of  La  Spezzia   73 

City  of  Tunis   74 

City  of  Odessa   75 

Province  of  Constan tine   75 

Canal  of  Porez   70 

Mt.  Cenis  Tunnel   76 

Railroads   77 


/ 


LIST  OF  PLATES. 


Frontispiece. — View  of  Breakwaters,  Suez  Canal. 
Plate  I. — Great  Jetty  and  Quay  Walls  of  Artificial  Blocks 
OF  Teil  Beton,  Port  Napoleon,  Marseilles. 

II.  — General  Plan  of  La  Joliette  Yard  of  Fabrication 

OF  Teil  Beton  Blocks,  Marseilles. 

III.  — Cross-Section  of  Mortar  Mill  Building. 

IV.  — Plan  of  Floor  of  Steam  Mortar  Mills. 
V. — Sand  Car.   Elevation,  Plan,  and  Section. 

VI.— Pebble  Car.       "  " 
VII.— Mortar  Car.      "  "  " 

VIII.— Mixing  Cylinder  FOfi  Beton.   Elevations,  Plan,  and 
Section. 


PREFACE. 


At  the  request  of  Messrs.  H.  Champin  and  Gillet,  I  have 
prepared,  upon  the  Hydraulic  Lime  of  Teil,  the  following  observa- 
tions, which  are  drawn  from  numerous  reports  upon  the  subject, 
from  private  sources,  and  from  a  personal  knowledge  of  the 
value  and  applications  of  this  lime. 

LEONARD  F.  BEOKWITH,  0.  E. 

Ill  Broadway, 
New  York,  February^  1873. 


REPORT 


ON  THE 

HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


FABRICATION  OF  TEIL  HYDRAULIC  LIME. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

Quarries. — The  limestone  quarries  of  Teil  are  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Kiver  Rhone  (Canton  of  Viviers,  Department  of 
Ardeche,  France),  and  have  been  worked  for  several  centuries. 
They  produce  a  silicious  hydraulic  lime  celebrated  for  its  capacity 
to  resist  the  destructive  action  of  the  sea.  It  is  known  in  commerce 
under  the  name  of  Hydraulic  Lime  of  Teil. 

The  quarries  of  Teil  belong  to  the  Lower  Neocomian  Marls  of 
the  Cretaceous  Formation,  and  constitute  the  beds  known  to  geolo- 
gists under  the  name  of  criocera  limestones^  so-called  from  the 
resemblance  of  their  fossil  shells  to  a  ram's  horn."  These  beds 
are  worked  by  two  companies,  Messrs.  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  and 
Messrs.  SouUier  &  Brunot.  As  the  method  of  fabrication  is  the 
same  in  both  companies  a  description  of  the  works  of  the  first  will 
sufiice. 

The  Lafarge  quarries  are  opened  on  a  length  of  1,470  feet  with 
an  average  height  of  400  feet,  and  consist  of  three  superposed 
layers  of  compact  and  homogeneous  stone.  The  limestone  is  chiefly 
mined  by  the  help  of  acid,  which  eats  a  cavity  at  the  bottom  of  the 
drill  hole  and  enables  a  heavier  blast  to  be  obtained. 


10  HYDEAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 

The  quantity  of  broken  stone  daily  burnt  averages  818  cubic 
yards,  corresponding  to  a  product  of  500  tons  of  screened  lime. 

Burning. — The  works,  situated  on  the  river  bank  at  the  foot  of 
the  quarries,  contain  34  continuous  lime  kilns,  which  consume  daily 
100  tons  of  coal.  Each  kiln  has  a  daily  capacity  of  130  cubic  yards 
of  lime.  The  heat  at  which  the  limestone  is  burnt  is  only  sufficient 
to  expel  the  carbonic  acid  and  not  to  vitrify  any  part  of  the  stone. 
The  doors  of  the  kilns  open  into  vast  sheds  where  the  burnt  lime 
goes  through  the  process  of  slaking. 

Slaking. — The  slaking  of  hydraulic  limes  is  always  attended 
with  difficulty,  owing  to  the  presence  of  lumps  of  burnt  stone  harder 
than  the  rest,  and  which  cannot  be  slaked  without  previous  crush- 
ing. These  portions  make  a  mortar  of  irregular  consistency,  and  by 
slaking  subsequently  in  the  masonry  might  destroy  it ;  moreover, 
danger  attends  the  transportation  of  unslaked  lime. 

The  above  considerations  have  caused  the  general  adoption  of 
slaking  hydraulic  limes  at  the  works.  Formerly  the  slaking  was 
done  with  a  copious  use  of  water ;  this  practice  has  been  discon- 
tinued, and  slaking  by  sprinkling  substituted.  The  burnt  lime 
direct  from  the  kilns,  in  thin  layers,  is  lightly  sprinkled  with  water, 
by  a  workman  with  a  hose.  The  sprinkled  lime  falls  into  powder, 
is  shovelled  into  heaps,  and  the  slaking  is  completed  by  the  help  of 
the  steam  evolved,  which  penetrates  the  interstices  of  the  mass. 
The  lime  remains  in  heaps  about  ten  days ;  at  the  end  of  this  time 
it  is  in  sufficiently  fine  powder  to  be  screened. 

Screening. — The  screens,  similar  to  those  used  in  flour  mills, 
consist  of  sieves  of  No.  40  fine  wire  cloth,  of  50  brass  wires  to  a 
lineal  inch.  In  the  burning  of  lime,  portions  of  the  stone  are  im- 
perfectly calcined ;  this  arises  either  from  the  fire  not  reaching  them, 
or  from  their  peculiar  chemical  composition  being  unfavorable  to 
burning  at  the  low  temperature  employed.  These  unburn t  portions 
are  separated  by  a  coarse  sieve  placed  over  the  hopper  of  the  shute 
leading  to  each  screen.  The  burnt  lime  fully  slaked  in  powder 
passes  through  the  coarse  sieve  into  each  screen,  from  which  it 
falls  into  a  collecting  chamber  below.    The  bottom  of  this  chamber, 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL.|    h    iS\  ^? 


11 


or  flour-bin,  consists  of  hoppers  by  which  the  \\m^  is  drawn  off  for 
packing. 


hind  it  numerous  particles  of  the  size  of  grains  of  sand.  These 
particles  are  calcareous  concretions,  which  do  not  contain  sufficient 
free  lime  to  become  reduced  to  powder  by  slaking ;  they  form  in 
reality  a  natural  cement  which  is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  hydrau- 
lic energy  of  the  lime.  The  screenings  are  therefore  collected  and 
ground  to  powder,  this  operation  being  substituted  for  slaking,  which 
Avas  found  to  be  impossible.  A  small  elevator  of  sheet  iron  buckets 
on  an  endless  chain  returns  the  ground  screenings  to  the  screens, 
where  their  admixture  with  the  slaked  lime  in  powder  coming  from 
the  kilns  takes  place  uniformly  and  regularly.  The  grinding  of 
the  screenings  keeps  19  pairs  of  grindstones  constantly  at  work. 

This  method  of  slaking  and  screening  Teil  hydraulic  lime  at  the 
works  before  delivery,  has  been  practised  since  1845.  It  is  from 
this  date  that  the  use  of  Teil  lime  in  powder  spread  rapidly  through- 
out France. 

Packing, — Teil  hydraulic  lime,  slaked  and  screened  ready  for 
delivery,  is  a  fine  impalpable  powder,  and  very  homogeneous.  It 
is  usually  packed  in  linen  sacks  of  uniform  size,  which  contain  110  J 
pounds  (50  kilogrammes)  net  weight  of  lime  in  powder.  Uniformi- 
ty in  weight  is  obtained  by  a  simple  apparatus  consisting  of  a  sus- 
pended Beam  Scales  ;  the  short  arm  holds  the  sack  under  the  mouth 
of  the  hopper  until,  the  weight  of  110  J  pounds  being  reached,  the 
beam  descends  ;  the  packer  closes  the  slide  of  the  hopper,  delivers 
the  sack  to  be  closed  and  sealed,  and  places  another  sack  in  its 
place.  The  sacks  are  closed  and  sealed  with  lead  at  the  works, 
and  the  buyer  is  secured  against  fraud. 

Packed  in  this  way,  Teil  hydraulic  lime  has  been  shipped  to 
a  great  distance  by  railroad  and  by  sea,  without  suffering  deteriora- 
tion. For  long  voyages,  however,  a  new  method  of  packing  it  in 
barrels  of  468  pounds  net  weight  has  been  adopted.  The  barrels 
contain  a  lining  or  bag  of  thick  gummed  brown  paper  hermetically 
sealed,  which  preserves  the  lime  during  any  length  of  time  from 


The  fine  lime  in  powder,  passing 


through  the  screen>  leaves  be- 


12 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


alteration  through  absorption  of  carbonic  acid  and  water  from  the 
air.  Thick  brown  paper  is  an  excellent  non-conductor,  and  is  air- 
tight. 

Teil  hydraulic  lime  is  less  liable  than  cements  to  alteration,  as  it 
depends  chiefly  for  its  hydraulic  energy  on  silicate  of  lime,  which 
after  hydration  contains  27  per  cent,  of  its  own  weight  of  water. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  Teil  lime  contain  about  66  pounds  of 
silicate  of  lime,  which  require  25.7  pounds  of  water  for  hydration  ; 
Teil  lime  in  powder  may  thus  absorb  small  quantities  of  water 
without  much  danger  of  alteration. 

The  establishment  of  Messrs.  Pavin  de  Lafarge  contains  besides 
the  34  lime-kilns,  30  screens,  19  pairs  of  grindstones,  4  steam-en- 
gines, 1  water-wheel,  and  is  well  supplied  with  appliances  such  as 
tracks,  docks,  cranes  and  scales  for  handling  lime.  It  employs  600 
workmen  and  manufactures  its  own  fire-brick,  2,000  tons  annually, 
for  the  lime-kilns.  The  average  yearly  production  is  100,000  tons 
of  screened  lime  in  powder.  The  size  and  completeness  of  these 
works  enable  the  hydraulic  lime  to  be  manufactured  on  an  exten- 
sive scale,  and  the  product  turned  out  is  homogeneous  and  very 
uniform  in  composition. 


COMPOSITION,  STRENGTH,  AND  METHODS  OF 
USING  TEIL  HYDRAULIC  LIME. 

Analyses. — Eaw  Teil  Limestone  analyzed  by  Professor  Eivot, 
School  of  Mines,  Paris,  presents  the  following  composition : 

Lime  46.3 

Oxide  of  Iron   0.7 

Silica,  Quartz  Sand,  and  Clay  15.0 

Carbonic  Acid  and  Water  37.6 

Teil  limestone  when  dissolved  in  acid  leaves  an  insoluble  residue, 
varying  from  12  to  17  per  cent,  of  the  total  weight,  and  composed  of 
free  silica  and  quartz  sand,  with  a  very  small  quantity  of  clay.  When 
analyzed  this  residue  gives  a  constant  proportion  of  10  of  silica  to  1 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


13 


of  alumina  ;  the  clay,  however,  in  its  natural  state  is  not  attacked 
by  chlorhydric  acid. 

The  above  analysis  reveals  the  fact  that  a  part  of  the  silica  is  un- 
combined ;  though  pulverulent,  it  is  not  easily  dissolved  by  alka- 
lies, as  when  Teil  limestone  is  boiled  with  a  diluted  solution  of  of 
potash,  only  1.87  per  cent,  of  silica  is  dissolved  ;  when  the  lime- 
stone is  attacked  by  an  acid,  the  silica  remains  as  a  muddy  residue. 

These  characteristics  indicate  that  Teil  limestone  belongs  to  the 
class  of  silicious  hydraulic  limestones. 

After  burning,  Teil  lime  analysed  by  Professor  Eivot  gives  the 
following  composition : 


Lime  78.29  73.60 

Oxide  of  Iron  traces  traces 

Silica  ;  18,20  ^  17.20  ^ 

Alumina.   1.80  [21.71  1.70  (20.50 

Quartz  Sand   1.71  )  1.60  ) 

Water  and  traces  of  Carbonic 

Acid   —  5.00 


99.60  99.10 


Vicat  gives  the  following  analyses  of  Teil  lime,  containing  a  very 
small  quantity  of  magnesia : 

Lime  68.941  77.760 

sia   0.612  0.541 


Sili-^  26  069?  30.447      ^^^^^^  21.699 

Alumina   4.378)  1.126) 

Peroxide  of  Iron  traces  traces 

The  analyses  show  that  Teil  lime  is  very  silicious  and  slow  set- 
ting ;  it  may  be  considered  as  the  type  of  this  variety  of  hydraulic 
limes,  of  which  the  mortars  are  remarkably  durable  in  marine 
structures. 

Theory  of  Concretion. — Silicious  limes,  like  Teil  hydraulic 
lime  contain  before  burning,  carbonate  of  lime,  silica  in  fine 
sand,  with  a  very  small  proportion  of  clay  and  oxide  of  iron. 

By  calcination  at  a  low  heat  the  carbonic  acid  is  driven  off,  leav- 
ing an  excess  of  quick-lime,  with  part  of  which  the  silica  and 


14 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


alumina  combine  as  silicate  and  aluminate  of  lime.  The  result  is 
very  uniformly  : 

70  to  80  per  cent,  of  quick-lime ; 

30  to  20  per  cent,  of  silicate  of  lime,  with  a  small  quantity  of 
aluminate  of  lime,  and  uncombined  quartz,  intimately  mixed. 


If  the  small  quantity  of  alumina  and  iron  is  neglected,  the  com- 
position of  100  lbs.  of  freshly  burnt  Teil  lime  is  : 


The  23  lbs.  of  silica  are  combined  with  43  lbs.  of  lime,  forming 
silicate  of  lime  SiOo.  3  CaO 


When  slaked  by  sprinkling,  the  quick-lime  alone  is  hydrated,  the 
silicates  and  aluminates  remain  anhydrous  (Chatoney  and  Rivot). 
Practice  shows  that  14  lbs.  of  water  are  required  to  slake  100  lbs. 
of  fresh  Teil  lime;  in  consequence  of  evaporation,  only  10  to  11  lbs. 
of  water  remain,  which  is  the  requisite  quantity  for  hydrating  34 
lbs.  of  free  lime. 

The  hydraulic  energy  of  the  lime  is  due  to  the  anhydrous  condi- 
tion of  the  silicate  and  aluminate  of  lime,  which,  when  the  mortar  is 
subsequently  mixed,  form  hydrosilicates  and  hydroaluminates  of 
lime  by  combining  with  6  equivalents  of  water,  and  crystallize. 

CaO.HO.-f-Si  0,.3  Ca  O.GHO.+Al^  O3.3  Ca  0.6  HO. 

A  perfect  setting  of  mortar  is  due  to  the  simultaneous  crystalli- 
zation of  the  above  elements,  which  grasps  and  binds  the  grains  of 
sand  and  gives  strength  and  hardness  to  the  mortar. 

The  dampness  which  mortars  throw  off  in  setting,  is  due  to  the 
crystallization,  which,  in  taking  place,  absorbs  only  the  necessary 
number  of  equivalents  of  water,  and  rejects  the  surplus ;  the 


CaO  +  Si  O3  .  3Ca  O  +  Alg  0;,  .  3  Ca  O. 


SiHca 
Lime 


23 
77 


Silica  

Combined  lime. .  . . 
Free  or  quick-lime. 


23 
43 
34 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


15 


energy  of  setting  is  in  proportion  to  the  absence  of  an  excess  of 
water. 

The  hardness  of  the  interior  of  a  mortar  is  due  to  the  hardness 
of  the  crystals  and  to  the  slowness  of  their  formation.  It  is 
increased  by  the  subsequent  evaporation  of  the  excess  of  water,  and 
the  absorption  by  the  lime  of  carbonic  acid  from  the  air,  producing 
an  enveloping  crust  of  carbonate  of  lime.  This  absorption,  which 
slowly  progresses  from  the  exterior  inwards,  requires  considerable 
time  in  which  to  act. 

An  imperfect  setting  is  due  to  the  presence  in  the  mortar  of  sub- 
stances which  do  not  crystallize  simultaneously,  but  irregularly, 
some  later  than  others.  Sulphates  of  lime  and  magnesia  crystal- 
lize more  slowly  than  the  elements  above  mentioned,  and  are  very 
destructive  to  mortars,  as,  by  expanding  at  the  moment  of  crystalli- 
zation, they  produce  cracks  and  fissures. 

Silicate  and  aluminate  of  magnesia  crystallize  slower  than  the 
same  combinations  of  lime,  and  their  presence  in  moderate  pro- 
portions is  injurious,  and  produces  disintegration  or  inferior  hard- 
ness in  parts  of  the  mass  after  the  general  setting  has  occurred. 
(Rivot.)  In  considerable  proportions,  however,  as  in  Eosendale  ce- 
ments, it  is  probable  that  the  silicate  and  aluminate  of  magnesia  cause 
the  entire  mass  to  partake  of  the  character  of  their  slower  crystalliza- 
tion, and  their  presence  is  not  injurious.  Both  silicate  and  alumi- 
nate of  magnesia  are  strongly  hydraulic,  and  when  alone  they  re- 
sist very  successfully  the  action  of  sea  water  ;  their  value,  however, 
in  sea  mortars  in  combination  with  silicate  and  aluminate  of  lime 
is  questionable. 

Unslaked  particles  of  lime,  which  crystallize  as  hydrate  of  lime, 
subsequent  to  the  setting  of  the  mortar  will  swell  and  crack  the 
mass.  Sand  and  oxide  of  iron  in  lime  act  usually  as  inert  sub- 
stances. 

A  slow-setting  hydraulic  lime,  such  as  Teil  lime,  crystallizes  slow- 
ly, and  produces  well-defined  and  strong  crystals ;  the  slowness  of 
setting  is  an  additional  guarantee  against  the  disruption  of  mortar 
by  the  later  crystallization  of  some  of  the  elements.  Quick-setting 


16 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


cements  form  a  rapid  and  irregular  crystallization  of  small  crystals, 
and  are,  therefore,  to  be  used  with  caution,  where  works  of  impor- 
tance are  undertaken. 

To  obtain  a  good  mortar  which  will  harden  rapidly,  it  is  essential 
to  have  the  lime  completely  slaked,  and  to  use  only  the  quantity  of 
water  absolutely  necessary  to  accomplish  this  in  mixing.  The  latter 
should  be  very  thorough,  each  particle  of  sand  being  coated  with  a 
thin  envelope  of  lime. 

An  excess  of  either  water  or  lime  in  proportion  to  sand  is  bad  ; 
the  first  makes  a  porous  and  friable  mortar,  and  the  second  pro- 
duces shrinkage,  with  loss  of  cohesion. 

Weight  of  Teil  Hydraulic  Lime. — Teil  hydraulic  Hme, 
slaked  and  screened,  in  powder,  weighs  per  cubic  foot,  loose  meas- 
ure, 43|  to  45  pounds.  M.  Noel,  Director  of  the  Arsenal  Hydraulic 
AVorks,  Toulon,  gives  as  the  weight  of  Teil  lime,  in  powder,  loose 
measure,  42 1  to  43 1  lbs.  per  cubic  foot.  The  weight  per  struck 
U.  S.  bushel,  loose  measure,  is  54^  to  56  pounds. 

Tests  of  strength. — The  proportion  of  sand  to  lime  has  great  in- 
fluence upon  the  crushing  and  tensile  strength  of  mortars.  Numerous 
experiments  with  Teil  mortars  have  been  made  by  M.  Pascal,  Chief 
Engineer  of  the  Works  of  the  Port  of  Marseilles,  and  also  by  M. 
Noel,  Director  of  the  Hydraulic  Works  of  the  Naval  Arsenal, 
Toulon  (during  the  construction  of  three  large  graving  docks,  in 
which  about  20,000  tons  of  Teil  lime  were  employed,  1853  to  1865). 
The  following  tables  are  a  summary  of  the  tensile  strength  and 
crushing  weight  in  pounds,  per  square  inch,  obtained  in  the  above 
experiments  with  Teil  mortars,  after  immersion  in  the  sea  during 
various  lengths  of  time. 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


O 

C5 

o 

CO 

GO 

lO 

1—1 

CO 

o 

iO 

i> 

T-1 

CO 

^ 

CO 

00 

J> 

00 

CO 

i> 

1-1 

i> 

o 

o 

o 

CO 

iO 

(M 

CO 

1— 1 

00 

lO 

o 

05 

00 

C5 

O 

00 

C5 

CO 

rH 

iO 

rH 

<M 

CO 

s 

00 

00 

00 

00 

CO 

00 

o 

i> 

CO 

CQ 

CO 

00 

iH 

w 
o 

a 

00 

CO 

S5 

j> 

J> 

tH 

p 

O 

o 

CO* 

ci 

CO 

K 

CO 

00 

00 

o 

1-1 

ca 

H 

O 

Pi 

» 
H 

1 

00 

00 

o 

ai 

CO 

^ 

CO 

P$ 

o 

00 

CO 

1-1 

P4 

00 

o 

tH 

CO 

P4 

tH 

m 

» 

tH 

CO 

1—1 

CO 

CO 

o 

o 

1—1 

00 

CO 

00 

5 

18  HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


Table  II. —  {Experiments  of  31.  Pascal.) 
Mortar  of  3  parts  of  Teil  lime  to  5  of  sand,  in  volume. 


TiMR  OF  Immersion. 

Tessile  Strength 

in  pounds 
per  square  inch. 

Time  of  Immersion. 

Crushing  Weight 
in  pounds 

PER  square  inch. 

After  3  months .... 
"    6  " 
"22  " 

57.59 
86.03 
121.30 

After  15  days  

"    30  .... 

"  45 

121.70 
184.29 
266.77 

Table  III. 

Mortar  composed  of  564^  pounds  of  Teil  lime  per  cubic  yard  of  sand  contain- 
ing 33  fo  of  voids. 

Agk  of  Mortar. 

Tensile  Strength 
in  pounds 

PER  square  INCH. 

Age  op  Mortar. 

Crushing  Weight 
in  pounds 

PER  square  inch. 

90  "   

180  "   

38.42 
83.77 
94.86 
120.94 

90  "   

180  "   

205.04 
259.15 
504.24 
588.99 

In  one  instance  a  mortar  composed  of  Teil  lime  and  basaltic 
sand,  after  eight  months  immersion  in  the  sea,  acquired  a  tensile 
strength  of  129.40  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

According  to  investigations  made  during  the  construction  of  the 
great  Cherbourg  Breakwater,  the  cohesive  strength  required  in  a 
mortar  to  withstand  the  battering  action  of  the  waves,  should  be 
about  29,500  lbs.  per  square  yard,  or  22|lbs.  per  square  inch. 
The  tables  show  conclusively  that  the  mortars  made  with  Teil  lime 
have  a  greater  strength  than  is  required  for  masonry  the  most 
exposed  to  the  sea. 

Slaking  and  Mixing. — Teil  lime  unslaked,  in  lumps,  weighs 
36  J  lbs.  per  cubic  foot.  When  slaked  to  a  paste,  the  increase  in 
volume  is  0.35,  and  the  increase  in  weight  is  0.95. 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


19 


Slaked  and  screened  Teil  lime  in  powder  weighing  40 1  lbs.  i)qy 
cubic  foot,  made  into  paste,  contracts  in  volume  0.41,  with  an  increase 
in  weight  of  0.34. 

The  slaking  of  Teil  quick-lime  requires  14  lbs.  of  water  per 
100  lbs.  of  lime;  subsequent  evaporation  leaves  about  10  lbs.,  some- 
times 7  lbs.  of  water  remaining  in  one  hundred  of  lime. 

The  hydration  of  100  lbs.  of  Teil  lime  requires  28  lbs.  of  water  ; 
ly^^  cubic  feet  of  lime  paste  containing  100  lbs.  in  powder  will 
weigh,  after  taking,  128  lbs. 

The  taking  of  pure  Teil  hydraulic  lime  mortar  occurs  within 
24  hours.  After  18  hours  the  mortar  sets  strongly  and  will  sup- 
port the  small  Vicat  needle,  and  in  24  hours  the  large  needle.  At 
the  end  of  48  hours  it  will  support  the  Yicat  drill  with  its  full 
weight  of  2f  lbs.  After  the  mortar  has  been  immersed  for  45  days 
in  water  20  revolutions  of  the  Vicat  drill  will  penetrate  to  a  depth 
of  0.0197  of  an  inch. 

Hydraulic  limes,  in  general,  set  too  rapidly  for  the  mortar  paste 
to  be  prepared  much  in  advance.  Teil  lime  hardens  rapidly,  and 
if  required  to  be  used  in  paste,  the  mortar  necessary  for  the  day's 
work  alone  should  be  prepared.  A  preferable  method  is  to  mix 
the  lime  and  sand  dry  in  the  desired  proportions,  and  turn  this  dry 
mortar  into  paste  as  required.  This  method  gives  a  more  compact 
mortar  with  less  water. 

In  mixing  mortars,  the  importance  of  using  as  little  water  as 
possible,  and  making  a  perfect  mixture  by  mechanical  means,  can- 
not be  overestimated.  In  mixing  Teil  mortar  salt  and  fresh  water 
serve  equally  well. 

"When  used  for  coating  masonry,  Teil  hydraulic  lime,  like  Port- 
land cement,  may  be  mixed  the  previous  day,  and  re-mixed  with 
additional  water  at  the  time  of  using  it. 

Proportions. — For  one  cubic  yard  of  firm  lime  paste,  1,685 
lbs.  of  Teil  lime  in  powder  are  required,  equivalent  to  30  struck 
U.  S.  bushels,  loose  measure,  of  56  lbs.  per  bushel.  The  propor- 
tion of  lime  per  cubic  yard  of  sand  is  regulated  by  the  condition, 
that  in  good  mortar  the  lime  should  fill  the  voids  in  the  sand.  The 


HYDEAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


voids  in  loose  damp  sand  vary  from  0.31  to  0.35,  and  in  compacted 
sand  from  0.18  to  0.23  of  the  volume  of  sand. 

With  beton,  the  voids  in  the  broken  stone  or  pebbles  vary  from 
0.35  to  0.40  of  the  volume,  and  the  mortar  should  fill  the  voids. 

For  strictly  impervious  sea  mortars  made  of  fine  and  crumbling 
sands,  in  which  the  solidity  depends  solely  upon  the  strength  of 
the  mortar,  it  is  best  to  increase  the  proportion  of  Teil  lime  per 
cubic  yard  of  sand  to  10^  bushels,  instead  of  9  bushels,  the  usual 
quantity.  With  silicious  or  basaltic  sands  of  average  size  this  in- 
crease is  unnecessary. 

In  fresh  water  the  proportion  of  Teil  lime  has  been  successfully 
reduced  to' 253  lbs.  per  cubic  yard  of  beton  by  Mr.  Desplaces, 
Chief-Engineer  of  the  Paris-Lyons -Mediterranean  E.  E.  The 
best  proportions  for  Teil  mortars  for  various  uses  are  the  following 
ones,  which  fulfil  the  conditions  previously  mentioned.  (The 
struck  U.  S.  bushel  of  Teil  lime  in  powder,  loose  measure,  is  taken 
at  56  lbs.) 

For  Mortars  in  Salt  Water :  lOi  U.  S.  bushels  of  Teil  lime 
(Beton  under  water.)  (590  lbs.)  per  cubic  yard  of 

sand,  equivalent  to  1  scant 
measure  of  lime  to  2  full 
measures  of  sand. 

For  Mortars  in  Fresh  Water :  9  U.  S.  bushels  of  Teil  lime 

(506  lbs.)  per  cubic  yard  of 
sand,  equivalent  to  li  meas- 
ures of  lime  to  3  measures 
of  sand,  making  ly^j-  cubic 
yards  of  stiff  mortar  paste. 

For  Mortars  exposed  to  Air :  7 J  U.  S.  bushels  of  Teil  lime 

(421  lbs.)  per  cubic  yard  ol 
sand,  equivalent  to  1  meas- 
ure of  lime  to  3  measures 
of  sand. 

For  Betons  the  usual  proportions  of  mortar  and  broken  stone 
are : 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 

■      -         >  '  '  <  r— . 

In  salt  water  2  measures  of  mortar  to  3  of  broken  ston^e.  v. 

In  fresh  water  1       do.  do.         2         /do.  -^'y 

Artificial  blocks  1       do.  do.        2  of  peS^^e^'  j^,.  ^ 

The  above  proportions  for  Teil  mortars  and  batons  are  adopled 
by  the  French.  Engineers  of  Bridges  and  Highways  and  by  the 
Engineers  of  the  Eailroad  Companies,  in  their  specifications  and 
contracts.  The  proportions  are  sanctioned  by  successful  practice, 
and  although  it  may  be  found  best  to  vary  them  in  different  locali- 
ties of  the  United  States,  according  to  the  sand  and  water  used, 
and  other  circumstances,  the  variations  will  probably  be  slight. 
These  proportions  show  the  advantages  attending  the  use  of  Teil 
lime,  which  produces  a  strong  mortar  with  a  smaller  weight  of 
lime,  than  that  of  Portland  Cement,  generally  employed  for  the 
same  purposes.  Teil  hydraulic  lime  does  not  require  special  work- 
men, and  unpractised  laborers  cannot  fail  to  make  good  work  with 
it. 


APPLICATIONS  OF  TEIL  HYDRAULIC  LIME. 
MARINE  STRUCTURES. 

Inyestigations. — The  causes  of  the  destruction  of  mortars  by 
sea  water  have  been  made  the  subject  of  investigation  in  different 
countries.  The  length  of  time  required  before  the  results  of  ex- 
periments extending  over  a  number  of  years  could  be  obtained,  has 
rendered  progress  slow.  By  the  aid  of  analysis  chemistry  has  as- 
certained the  elements  of  limes  and  mortars,  and  the  changes 
which  they  undergo  in  the  various  stages  of  manufacture  and  use. 
The  comparison  of  these  results  with  those  obtained  by  the  analysis 
of  mortars  which  have  withstood  for  years  the  destructive  action  of 
sea-water,  has  elicited  a  few  general  laws  which  govern  the  for- 
mation of  hydraulic  mortars,  and  which  have  removed  to  a  great 
extent  the  obscurity  which  enveloped  the  subject.  It  is  to  Vicat 
and  later  to  Berthier,  Chatoney  and  Eivot,  that  the  success  of  these 
investigations,  and  the  important  results  which  have  followed  them, 
are  chiefly  due. 


22 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


Action  of  Sea- water  on  Mortars. — The  action  of  salt  water 

on  mortars  immersed  in  the  sea,  may  briefly  be  stated  as  follows. 

Sea  water,  constantly  washing  against  mortar  and  renewing  the 
surfaces  in  contact,  slowly  dissolves  the  hydrate  of  lime  which  has 
not  had  time  to  become  carbonated.  As  this  action  continues,  the 
hydrate  of  lime  disappears,  and  by  leaving  the  mortar  porous,  hast- 
ens the  action  of  the  salt  water  on  the  other  elements.  The  alumi- 
nate  and  silicate  of  lime,  remaining  in  contact  with  water  holding 
in  solution  chloride  of  sodium  (common  salt),  salts  of  magnesia,  and 
carbonic  acid,  become  decomposed  in  turn. 

The  aluminate  of  lime  is  first  decomposed,  forming  aluminate  of 
magnesia  and  lime,  both  of  which  disappear.  The  carbonic  acid 
in  the  sea  water  then  attacks  the  lime  of  the  silicate  of  lime,  pro- 
ducing carbonate  of  lime,  which,  as  fast  as  it  forms,  is  dissolved  in 
the  excess  of  water  surrounding  it.  The  silica  alone  remains  in  a 
pasty  state,  and  the  mortar  crumbles  away. 

When,  on  the  contrary,  the  mortar  has  had  time  to  become  car- 
bonated by  the  free  hydrate  of  lime  absorbing  carbonic  acid  from 
the  air  and  water,  and  forming  an  impervious  protecting  shield  to 
the  mass,  and  when  hydraulic  limes  derived  from  silicious  lime- 
stones are  employed  instead  of  limes  from  argillaceous  (aluminous) 
limestones,  then  the  mortar  will  not  be  destroyed.  The  aluminates, 
which  are  the  first  elements  to  become  decomposed,  either  do  not 
exist  at  all  in  silicious  limes,  or  else  in  very  small  quantities.  The 
]nortar  no  longer  rendered  porous  will  resist  the  action  of  the  sea. 

Vicat,  Chatoney,  and  Eivot  concluded  from  their  investigations 
that  the  chief  element  of  hydraulic  energy  in  a  lime  is  the  presence 
of  silicate  of  lime.  The  presence  of  alumina  in  limes  and  cements 
hastens  the  setting,  but  is  no  guarantee  of  durability,  as  it  forms 
combinations  with  lime,  which,  as  mentioned  above,  do  not  resist 
as  well  as  silicates  the  action  of  salt  water. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  mortars  which  have  most  success- 
fully resisted  the  destructive  action  of  the  sea,  disclosed  the  fact 
that  they  contained  hydrosilicate  of  lime  to  the  extent  of  25  per 


HYDBAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


23 


cent,  of  the  volume  of  the  mortar.  The  greater  the  proportion  of 
this  element  in  a  mortar,  the  greater  will  be  its  durability. 

Teil  hydraulic  lime  is  a  silicious  lime,  containing  66  per  cent, 
of  silicate  of  lime,  a  very  small  proportion  of  alumina,  and  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  uncombined  lime  to  form  the  protecting  enve- 
lope of  carbonate  of  lime,  which  is  an  important  element  for  the 
preservation  of  mortars.  Teil  lime  fulfils  the  requirements  men- 
tioned previously  as  necessary  in  sea-mortars. 

It  was  first  employed  in  marine  structures  in  1832,  since  which 
time  its  use  has  steadily  increased.  Teil  lime  formed  one  of  the 
staTting  points  in  the  investigations  of  Vicat,  Chatoney,  and  Rivot, 
and  the  results  stated  in  their  reports  justify  their  high  opinion  of 
its  value  for  sea-mortars. 

Comparison  between  Teil  Lime  and  Cements.— A  com- 
parative examination  of  the  elements  of  Teil  hydraulic  lime  and 
of  slow  and  quick-setting  cements  will  be  found  interesting. 

Table  IV.  gives  the  composition,  by  weight,  of  the  elements  of 
hydraulic  energy  in  limes  and  cements  : 

Table  IV. 

Silicate  of  lime  

Silicate  of  alumina  

Aluminate  of  lime  

Double  silicate  of  lime  and 
alumina  

Silicate  of  magnesia  


The  method  of  manufacture  strongly  influences  the  composition  of 
limes  and  cements.  At  a  high  temperature,  silicate  of  lime  and 
the  double  silicate  of  lime  and  alumina  are  formed.  At  a  low  heat, 
the  double  silicate  is  not  formed,  and  the  alumina,  acting  towards 
the  lime  the  part  of  an  acid,  produces  aluminate  of  lime.  By  the 
first  method,  slow-setting  cements,  such  as  English,  and  Boulogne 


SiO^.  3  CaO. 

2SiO,.Al,0,. 

A1^0,.3CaO. 

Si03.(Al,0,  +  OaO):3 

SiO,.3MgO. 


Silica   23 

Lime   43 

Silica   30 

Alumina   17 

Alumina   17 

Lime   28 

Silica   15 

Alumina   51 

Lime   28 

Silica   23 

Magnesia   30 


24  HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 

Portland  cements  are  manufactured  ;  by  tlie  second  method  quick- 
setting  cements,  such  as  Vassy,  etc.,  are  produced. 

On  these  facts  as  a  basis,  Table  V.  has  been  deduced  in  round 
numbers  from  the  analyses  of  various  cements,  and  is  extracted  from 
a  Notice  on  the  Hydraulic  Lime  of  Teil,  published  in  1872. 

Boulogne  Portland  cement  may  serve  as  an  example  of  the 
method  by  which  the  table  has  been  constructed.  The  analysis  of 
this  cement  by  Delesse,  gives  in  one  thousand  parts  : 


Lime   651 

Silica   204 

Alumina   138 

Magnesia   5.8 


The  fabrication  is  made  at  a  high  temperature  ;  the  double  silicate 
of  lime  and  alumina  is  first  formed ;  138  parts  of  alumina  take  up 
40.24  parts  of  silica,  the  whole  combining  with  75  of  lime,  and  form- 
ing 253.24  of  double  silicate  of  lime  and  alumina.  There  remain 
163.76  of  silica  and  576  of  lime.  In  the  simple  silicate  of  lime  which 
is  next  formed,  163.76  of  silica  takes  up  304  of  lime,  producing 
467.67  of  simple  silicate  of  lime.  Neglecting  the  small  proportion  of 
magnesia  (5.8  parts  in  1,000),  there  remain  273  parts  of  uncombined 
lime. 

The  composition  of  Boulogne  Portland  cement  is  then : 

253  parts  double  silicate  of  lime  and  alumina. 
467  parts  simple  silicate  of  lime. 
273  parts  free  uncombined  lime. 

A  similar  calculation  has  been  made  in  each  instance. 


HYDKAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


25 


Table  V. 


CEMENTS. 


o  d 


a, 

S 


English  Portland . 
Boulogne  Portland 
Boulogne  Ordinary 
Vitry  (burnt)  . . . 

St.  Malo  

Moissac  

Porte  de  France  , 

Antony  

Fagneres  

Vassy  

Porte  de  France 

Grenoble  

Champ  Bond  

Corbigny  , 

Vitry  

Gap  

La  Valentine  . . . 

Teil  hyd.  lime  .  , 


238 
253 
1G9 
201 
123 
367 
360 
146 
273 


506 
467 
606 
540 
680 
528 
493 
791 
450 


295 

273 
58 

198 
0 
0 

129 
0 
0 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

40 
0 
18 
263 


-2 .5 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

€^32 
0 
0 
0 


ci  O 


REMARKS. 


0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
21 
33 
40 
12 


CD 


<D  O  03 

?H  o3  !D 

^  02 

O  o 

o 


J     .1  J  g 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


545 
415 
415 
430 
488 
634 
513 
545 


349 
470 
470 
450 
370 
291 
314 
349 


660 


6 
0 
9 
0 
0 
26 
0 
6 


250 


0 
65 
65 
114 
75 
0 
168 
0 


37 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
9 

37 


0 

33 
33 

0 
44 

0 
30 

0 


0  0 


o 


<0  'uO 
PI  P 


Resists  sea- water. 


26 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


A  reference  to  the  Table  shows  the  large  proportion  of  silicate  of 
lime  contained  in  Teil  hydraulic  lime,  and  explains  the  durability 
of  Teil  mortars,  and  their  constantly  increasing  use.  Teil  lime  is 
richer  in  silicate  of  lime  than  Portland  or  any  cements  of  the  Table. 
The  proportions  of  aluminate  of  lime  and  silicate  of  magnesia  in 
Teil  lime  are  so  small  that  they  have  been  left  out  of  the  Table. 

Action  of  Sea- water  on  Teil  lime. — The  action  of  sea-water 

on  mortars  varies  in  different  seas,  owing  to  variation  in  the  propor- 
tions of  destructive  salts  and  gases  contained  in  the  sea.  It  is  im- 
portant to  examine  how  Teil  hydraulic  lime  in  different  localities, 
has  stood  the  test  of  this  action,  and  particularly  that  of  salts  of 
magnesia  and  carbonic  acid. 

Action  of  Salts  of  Magnesia. — Salts  of  magnesia  are  gener- 
ally admitted  to  be  the  most  destructive  cause  of  decomposition  in 
sea-mortars,  although  Bivot  considers  their  action  to  be  much  ex- 
aggerated. Vicat  in  his  experiments  on  hydraulic  limes  and  ce- 
ments employed  a  bath  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  to  test  their 
durability.  Table  VI.,  by  Vicat,  gives  the  analysis  of  sea- water  at 
different  points. 


Table  Y1,— (Vicat.) 


Substances  Contained  in  1000 
PARTS  OF  Water  in  Weight. 

Near 
Bayonne 
(Atlantic) 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

North 
Atlantic. 

British 
Channel. 

25.10 

25.10 

27.22 

26,60 

27.06 

5.78 

6.25 

7.02 

2.29 

Hydrochlorate  of  magnesia. . 

3.50 

5.25 

6.14 

5.15 

3.66 

0.15 

0.15 

0.10 

0.15 

1.41 

<; 

u 

4.66 

Hydrochlorate  of  potash  

0.01 

1.23 

0.76 

n 

a 

0.20 

0.15 

0.20 

0.03 

0.23 

0.11 

Traces 

n 

Traces 

HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL.  27 


Table  VII.— (P/'o/  WolcoU  Gtbhs.) 
(All  sp.  gT.  refer  to  that  of  pure  water  at  temperature  of  14°C.) 


LOCALITY. 

Distance 
Below 
Surface. 



Specific 
Gravity. 

Si'.  Gr.  at 
Temp,  op 

Saline 
Matter 

Temp. 

F. 

PER 
CENT. 

Water. 



Air. 

Washington  Heights,  H.E. . 

5' 

1.0126 

15°.25C. 

1.702 

do. 

1.0111 

15°.5  C. 

1.585 

30° 

31° 

Pier  1,  Hudson  River  

]' 

1.0182 

15°. 2  C. 

2.348 

34i 

36i- 

do. 

5/ 

1.0192 

18°  C. 

2.533 

do. 

V 

1.0183 

15°  C. 

2.351 

East  River,  foot  ITth  St. . . . 

5' 

1.0185 

16*^  C. 

2.461 

31 

31^ 

do. 

V 

1.0178 

14°  C. 

2.463 

31 

3U 

5' 

1.0155 

16°  C. 

2.13i 

35 

41i 

Vanderbilt  Landing,  S.  1. , . 

5^ 

1,0188 

10°  C. 

2.533 

do. 

1' 

1.0205 

15°.5  C. 

2.706 

39i 

Mouth  Navesink  River,  N.J. 

5' 

1.0177 

15°  C. 

2.513 

33 

33 

Table  VI.  shows  that  the  proportion  of  salts  of  magnesia  is  con- 
siderably greater  in  the  Mediterranean  than  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  English  Channel.  As  Teil  hydraulic  lime  has  been  success- 
fully employed  in  the  Mediterranean  for  upwards  of  40  years  in 
marine  structures,  it  is  a  fair  inference  to  conclude  that  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  this  lime  would  give  even  better  results,  being  ex- 
posed to  a  smaller  proportion  of  magnesian  salts.  The  artificial 
blocks  made  with  Teil  hydraulic  lime  at  Cherbourg,  the  works  at 
St.  Malo,  built  upwards  of  fifteen  years  ago,  and  the  large  quay 
walls  and  docks  of  Bordeaux,  which  are  being  constructed  with 
Teil  lime,  prove  that  in  practice  it  resists  equally  well  the  action  of 
the  waters  of  the  ocean  and  of  the  Mediterranean. 

Table  VII.  derived  from  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  Eeports  (1856), 
gives  analyses  of  sea-water  in  the  Harbor  of  New  York.  It  shows 
that  the  proportion  of  saline  matter  is  very  similar  on  both  sides  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  it  is  safe  to  presume  that  Teil  lime  will 


28 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


stand  the  test  equally  well  here.  A  warm  temperature  of  sea- water, 
such  as  exists  in  the  Mediterranean,  though  favorable  to  the  use  of 
hydraulic  mortars  and  beton  at  the  time  of  formation,  is  unfavor- 
aUe  subsequently,  and  tends  to  facilitate  decomposition  in  the  sea. 

Action  of  Carbonic  Acid. — With  regard  to  the  action  of  car- 
bonic acid  on  sea  mortars,  it  is  maintained  by  Vicat,  Chatoney,  and 
E-ivot,  that  its  presence  in  sea- water  in  a  certain  proportion  is  benefi- 
cial for  the  preservation  of  mortars,  a  crust  of  carbonate  of  lime  being 
formed.  This  envelope  is  essential  for  the  preservation  of  a  mortar, 
and  hydraulic  limes  and  cements  which  do  not  contain  free  lime  cap- 
able of  absorbing  carbonic  acid,  and  thus  forming  carbonate  of  lime, 
should  be  used  with  caution.  An  excess,  however,  of  carbonic 
acid  in  sea-water  is  a  disadvantage.  As  was  mentioned  previously 
in  treating  of  the  action  of  sea-water  on  mortars,  lime  has  a 
stronger  affinity  for  carbonic  acid  than  it  has  either  for  silica  or 
alumina.  The  decomposition  of  the  silicate,  and  particularly  of  the 
aluminate  of  lime  is  to  be  feared  in  waters  highly  charged  with 
carbonic  acid,  and  hydraulic  limes  and  cements  containing  alumina 
in  considerable  quantity  are  in  greater  danger  of  destruction  from 
this  cause  than  silicious  limes,  such  as  Teil  hydraulic  lime. 

The  proportion  of  carbonic  acid  in  the  Mediterranean  is  variable  ; 
abundant  in  some  localities,  entirely  deficient  in  others.  Admit- 
ting that  wherever  Teil  hydraulic  lime  has  been  employed  in  that 
sea,  carbonic  acid  exists  in  considerable  quantities,  it  is  easy  to  as- 
certain the  amount  absorbed. 

Chatoney  and  Eivot  analyzed  numerous  samples  of  Teil  hydrau- 
lic lime  from  blocks  immersed  in  the  sea  at  Marseilles.  The  analy- 
ses prove  that  the  surfaces  of  the  blocks  had  absorbed  from  the  air 
and  water  at  least  0.03,  and  sometimes  as  high  as  0.14  of  carbonic 
acid,  the  centre  of  the  blocks  absorbing  only  from  0.01  to  0.05.  As 
the  blocks  were  all  in  a  state  of  perfect  preservation,  the  minimum 
of  surface  absorption  0.03  was  sufficient  to  preserve  the  interior ; 
this  gives  0.02  as  the  average  minimum  absorption  requisite  for 
preservation.    The  total  quantity  of  lime  being  0.35,  the  absorption 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL, 


29 


of  carbonic  acid  necessary  for  protection  would  be  21  lbs.  per  cubic 
yard  of  beton,  containing  296  lbs.  of  lime. 

To  solve  the  question,  as  to  whether  Teil  hydraulic  lime  would 
be  able  to  form  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  or  the  British  Channel,  its 
protecting  crust  of  carbonate  of  lime,  it  is  necessary  to  examine 
what  has  occurred  in  mortars,  in  localities  where  the  carbonic  acid 
is  in  small  quantities  ;  at  several  points  on  the  western  coast  of 
France,  Bayonne,  etc.,  on  the  ocean,  the  proportion  of  carbonic 
acid  is  even  greater  than  in  the  Mediterranean.  In  the  analysis  of 
beton  blocks  of  Portland  cement  immersed  in  the  British  Channel, 
Eivot  found  that  they  had  absorbed  0.017  of  carbonic  acid  to  0.23 
of  lime.  In  a  cubic  yard  of  beton  were  556  lbs.  of  cement,  con- 
taining 494  lbs.  of  lime,  which  absorbed  37  lbs.  of  carbonic  acid. 
Supposing  this  figure  to  be  reduced  one-half,  to  account  for  the 
lesser  interior  absorption,  a  minimum  of  18|  lbs.  is  obtained,  which 
is  nearly  the  amount  of  carbonic  acid  foimd  necessary  for  the  pro- 
tection of  Teil  lime  in  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  safe,  then,  to  con- 
clude that  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  France,  Teil  lime  will  find  suf- 
ficient carbonic  acid  for  its  protection,  and  it  is  presumable  that  the 
same  will  be  the  case  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States. 

Plants  and  Shells. — The  growth  of  marine  plants,  and  the 
deposits  of  marine  shells  and  incrustations  on  the  surfaces  of  sea 
mortars  and  masonry,  form  the  most  efficacious  protection  that  could 
\    be  devised. 

Storms  and  Currents, — Storms  and  sea  currents  disintegrate 
mortars  by  mechanical  action  ;  as  Teil  lime  has  successfully  resisted 
these  causes  of  destruction  in  the  Mediterranean,  no  special  danger 
from  their  action  need  be  feared  in  other  localities. 

Tides. — Tides  are  an  advantage  in  the  construction  of  marine 
works,  and  admit  of  part  of  the  masonry  being  built  dry  at  low 
tide  ;  this  allows  some  time  for  mortars  to  set,  and  for  their  elements 
to  complete  all  chemical  reactions,  which  if  they  occurred  after  the 
setting  would  destroy  the  work.  Slow-setting  cements  requiring 
from  8  to  18  hours  to  set  are  usually  preferred  in  marine  structures, 
but  they  are  subject  to  the  same  inconvenience  as  Teil  lime,  in  being 


30 


HYDllAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


covered  by  the  tide  before  the  setting  is  completed,  unless  special 
precautions  be  taken  to  protect  the  mortar  or  beton  by  a  coating  of 
quick-setting  cement,  or  some  other  device.  Teil  hydraulic  mortar 
sets  strongly  in  18  to  24  hours,  and  if  it  takes  longer  than  some 
cements,  its  hardness  once  set  rapidly  equals  theirs. 

Teil  hydraulic  lime  has  been  employed  in  the  Mediterranean  for 
all  kinds  of  marine  structures,  in  artificial  blocks  of  beton  dried 
during  several  months  previous  to  immersion,  and  in  beton  imme- 
diately immersed  in  the  sea  for  foundations.  These  betons  have 
been  equally  durable,  and  there  is  no  reason  that  it  should  be 
otherwise  in  tidal  seas,  v^-here  in  any  case  precautions  against 
washing  away  by  the  ebb  and  flood  have  to  be  provided,  and 
where  the  temporary  retreat  of  the  sea  renders  the  work  of  con- 
struction easier.  The  action  of  tidal  currents  on  mortars  is  not 
different  from  that  of  river  currents,  in  which  Teil  lime  is  daily 
employed  in  submarine  works. 

Economy  of  Teil  Lime  compared  with  Cements.— There 
remains  the  question  of  economy  to  be  considered  with  regard  to  the 
use  of  Teil  hydraulic  lime  instead  of  cements,  such  as  Portland 
and  others. 

The  claim  for  economy  is  based  with  justice  upon'  two  points  :  the 
comparative  weights  of  Teil  lime  and  cements,  which  are  respec- 
tively about  1,200  pounds  and  2,100  pounds  per  cubic  yard,  and  the 
greater  richness  in  silicate  of  lime,  of  Teil  lime  over  an  equal  weight 
of  cement. 

For  good  sea  mortars  two  conditions  require  to  be  fulfilled :  firat^ 
each  grain  of  sand  should  be  coated  with  lime,  and  the  voids  filled; 
Hecond^  the  proportion  of  silicate  of  lime,  the  most  desirable  element 
in  hydraulic  mortars,  should  not  fall  below  a  minimum  quantity. 

Chatoney  and  Kivot,  in  their  examination  of  betons  which  had  best 
resisted  the  action  of  the  sea  at  Marseilles,  found  that  25  per  cent,  of 
the  volume  of  the  mortar  was  hydrosilicate  of  lime.  This  quantity, 
however,  is  not  obligatory,  as  the  hydraulic  mortar  used  at  Mar- 
seilles, in  building  the  Napoleon  Port,  was  598  lbs.  of  Teil  lime 
per  cubic  yard  of  sand,  which  corresponds  to  a  proportion  of  22  per 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


31 


cent,  in  volume  of  liydrosilicate  of  lime,  and  haS\  g-ivpn  excellent 
results.  ,  / 

In  hydraulic  mortars,  made  either  with  Teil  lime  or  Portland 
cement,  the  volume  of  lime  or  cement  required  to  coat  the  grains  of 
sand  and  fill  the  voids  is  equal  in  both  cases.  Owing  to  the  greater 
density  of  Portland  cement  the  weight  required  of  the  latter  for  the 
above  volume  will  be  greater,  and  per  cubic  yard  of  mortar  will  be 
about : 

1,068  lbs.  Portland  cement  (White  Bros.) 
1,070    "    Boulogne  Portland  (Demarle.) 
1011         London  Portland  eement. 

Whereas  the  same  volume  of  Teil  lime  weighs  590  to  600  lbs. 
and  works  well  in  practice.  If  equal  weights  are  employed  instead 
of  equal  vohmies,  then  the  Portland  cement  will  be  only  about  one- 
half  of  what  is  required  to  fill  the  voids  of  the  mortar. 

With  regard  to  the  comparative  richness  in  hydrosilicate  of  lime, 
of  Teil  lime  and  Portland  cement  mortars,  by  applying  to  the  analy- 
ses of  the  latter  the  formulas  of  Chatoney  and  Pivot  for  hydration 
of  silicates  and  aluminates  of  lime,  and  supposing  the  reactions  com- 
pleted, the  following  composition  is  obtained  : 


Teil  lime  according  to  the  same  authorities  contains  on  an  ave- 
rage 66  per  cent,  of  silicate  of  lime  and  25  per  cent,  of  free  lime. 
This  richness  in  silicate  of  lime  gives  Teil  lime  an  advantage  in 
any  mortar  for  which  a  definite  volume  of  lime  or  cement  is  re- 
quired, and  at  an  equal  price  per  pound  the  economy  of  using  the 
lesser  weight  per  cubic  yard  of  sand  is  clear. 

If  the  quantity  of  silicate  of  lime  is  required  to  be  equal  in  mor- 
tars made  either  with  Teil  lime  or  Portland  cement,  the  weight  of 
Teil  lime  will  be  considerably  less  than  that  of  cement.    Theory  re- 


English 
Portland. 


Boulogne 
Portland. 


SiHcate  of  Hme  . . . 
Aluminate  of  Hme 
Free  hme  


60.3 
23.9 
14.9 


58.5 
36.5 
4.3 


32 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


quires  598  lbs.  of  Teil  lime  to  fill  completely  the  voids  of  a  cubic 
yard  of  sand ;  this  weight  contains  395  lbs.  of  silicate  of  lime. 
The  weight  required  of  Boulogne  Portland  cement,  one  of  the  best 
of  slow-setting  cements,  to  furnish  an  equal  weight  of  silicate  of 
lime  is  674  lbs.,  which  represents  a  volume  of  cement  only  -|  of  that 
required  by  theory  for  filling  the  voids  of  a  cubic  yard  of  sand. 

These  considerations  show  clearly  that  to  make  the  employment 
of  Teil  lime  and  Portland  cement  equally  economical,  the  latter 
must  be  lower  in  price  than  the  former,  or  else  the  weight  of  Port- 
land cement  per  cubic  yard  of  mortar  must  be  considerably  dimin- 
ished below  that  which  would  best  fulfil  the  requisite  conditions 
for  good  mortars. 

The  following  comparative  proportions  are  frequently  employed 
of  Teil  lime  and  Portland  cement  for  hydraulic  mortars  and  be- 
tons. 

Portland  Cement.  Mortar:  cement  840  lbs. 

sand  -f^jy  cubic  yards. 

Beton  :  broken  stone  1 

mortar   i 

Teil  Hydranlic  Lime.    Mortar:  lime  590  lbs. 

(Marseilles.)  sand  cubic  yards. 

Beton:  broken  stone. .0.93  ^' 
mortar  0.58 

The  economy  in  the  usual  proportion  of  Teil  lime  instead  of 
Portland  cement  is  250  lbs.  per  cubic  yard  of  mortar,  and  admit- 
ting the  same  proportions  of  one  of  mortar  to  two  of  broken  stone 
(which  are  often  employed)  for  beton,  the  economy  is  125  lbs.  per 
cubic  yard  of  beton.  The  saving  may  thus  amount  to  30  or  40  per 
cent. 

Use  of  Teil  Lime  in  Seaports,  &c.— Teil  hydrauKc 
lime  is  now  used  in  a  large  number  of  seaports.  At  the  Universal 
Exhibition  of  1867  specimens  of  Teil  hydraulic  mortars  and  betons 
in  excellent  preservation  were  exhibited  from  22  seaports. 

The  chief  ports  where  it  is  employed  are  :  Marseilles  (where 
in  marine  structures  costing  upwards  of  50,000,000  francs  Teil 


HYDKAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


33 


lime  has  been  exclusively  used),  Toulon,  Cette,  Bordeaux,  St. 
Malo,  Cherbourg,  Barcelona,  Corsica,  Algiers,  Bona,  Oran,  Tunis^ 
Genoa,  La  Spezzia,  Trieste,  Constantinople,  Odessa,  Suez  and  Port 
Said  (120,000  tons  of  Teil  lime),  Alexandria  Harbor  Works  (175,- 
000  tons).  It  is  also  exported  to  La  Plata,  Eio  Janeiro,  Saigon, 
&c. 

The  following  details  respecting  works  in  various  ports,  built  of 
Teil  lime,  will  be  of  interest. 

Marseilles. — Teil  hydraulic  lime  has  been  almost  exclusively 
used  at  Marseilles  during  the  last  thirty-four  years,  by  M.  Pascal, 
the  Chief  Engineer,  in  the  construction  of  the  basins  of  La  Joliette, 
Frioul,  Napoleon,  and  the  basins  of  the  Marseilles  docks  and  ware- 
houses. It  was  employed  as  concrete  for  foundations  and  for  arti- 
ficial blocks  for  the  protection  of  the  seaward  slopes  of  the  break- 
waters. The  beton  blocks  were  made  in  moulds  and  allowed  to 
harden  by  exposure  to  the  air  for  three  months  previoiis  to  immer- 
sion. The  volume  of  each  block  was  353  cubic  feet,  with  a  weight 
of  about  22  tons.  The  dimensions  were  11'  X  X  ^i'i  ^^^^ 
grooves  for  suspension  chains  ran  across  the  bottom.  The  compo- 
sition of  the  mortar  for  concrete  blocks  was  : 

Teil  lime  in  powder   3  parts  in  volume. 

Sand   5       "  " 

The  concrete  was  made  of  one  volume  of  mortar  mixed  with  two 
volumes  of  broken  stone. 

In  concrete  for  immediate  immersion,  two  volumes  of  mortar  to 
three  of  broken  stone  were  used. 

M.  Pascal  considered  that  good  hydraulic  lime,  for  sea-mortars 
and  concretes,  was  preferable  to  any  mixture  of  lime  and  pozzuo- 
lana  (sometimes  added  to  hasten  the  setting),  of  lime  and  cements, 
or  of  natural  and  artificial  cements. 

Por  good  work,  sufficient  time  should  be  allowed  for  blocks  to- 
harden  before  immersion,  and  obtain  their  protecting  crust  of  car- 
bonate of  lime. 

The  system  of  building  quay  walls  at  Marseilles,  with  blocks  of 


34 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


Teil  concrete,  was  very  successful.  A  bed  of  broken  stone  or 
gravel  was  formed  on  which  four  courses  of  artificial  blocks  were 
placed,  their  greatest  length  inwards  forming  the  thickness  of  the 
wall  ( 1 1  feet) ;  the  top  course  was  8  inches  above  the  level  of  low 
tide.  Divers  were  required  to  place  the  blocks  which  broke  joints 
as  in  ordinary  masonry.  To  guard  against  future  settling  when 
the  masonry  wall  would  be  built  on  the  blocks,  the  latter  were 
temporarily  loaded  with  two  courses  of  similar  blocks,  which  were 
removed  when  the  settling  was  completed  to  the  level  of  low  tide. 
The  blocks  were  of  the  volume,  weight  and  composition  previously 
mentioned.    (Plate  I.) 

The  construction  of  concrete  blocks  for  the  quay  walls  and 
breakwaters  of  Marseilles,  required  the  establishment  of  large 
yards,  covering  375  acres  for  machinery,  workshops,  tracks,  sup- 
plies, and  space  for  one  thousand  blocks  in  every  stage  of  comple- 
tion.   The  yard  turned  out  monthly  300  to  375  blocks. 

Toulon. — Teil  hydraulic  lime  was  employed  in  the  works  of  the 
Port  of  Toulon ;  notably  for  200,000  cubic  yards  of  beton  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  three  large  graving  docks  of  Castigneau. 
M.  Noel  and  M.  Eaoul,  Chief  Engineers,  state  that  Teil  lime  has 
perfectly  resisted  the  action  of  the  sea  at  Toulon,  and  also  at  Port 
Yendres,  where  large  blocks  for  the  jetty  were  made  of  limestone 
masonry  cemented  with  Teil  hydraulic  lime  mortar. 

Algiers. — Since  1852  Teil  lime  is  used  in  this  port  mixed  with 
sea  sand,  for  concrete  immersed  green,  and  for  artificial  blocks, 
which  are  allowed  to  harden  in  air  from  2|  to  5  months  according 
to  the  season.  Teil  concrete  has  shown  great  strength  and  resists 
the  action  of  the  sea  at  Algiers  and  other  points  along  the  coast. 
(See  Appendix.) 

Port  Said. — The  successful  creation  by  M.  de  Lesseps  of  the 
artificial  harbor  of  Port  Said  at  the  entrance  of  the  Suez  Canal,  enclos- 
ing 90  acres  of  sea  room,  and  with  the  basins  130  acres,  is  due  in 
a  great  measure  to  the  use  of  Teil  Hme,  which  allowed  the  project 
to  be  carried  out  without  an  expenditure  which  would  have  cur- 
tailed its  dimensions,  and  endangered  its  success. 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


35 


Tlie  two  jetties,  starting  from  points  on  the  sliore  1,530  yards 
apart,  run  out  to  sea,  and  approach  each  other  within  four  hundred 
and  forty  yards.  The  length  of  the  Western  jetty,  built  first,  as  a 
protection  from  the  prevailing  winds,  is  3,390  yards,  and  that  of  the 
Eastern  jetty  is  1,968  yards.  The  jetties  are  about  28  yards  wide 
at  the  base  and  6  at  the  summit,  with  a  height  of  10  yards  at  their 
seaward  extremity.  The  summit  of  the  jetties  rises  6|  feet  above 
the  mean  level  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  their  slopes  are  at 

In  their  construction,  about  120,000  tons  of  Teil  hydraulic  lime 
were  employed,  chiefly  in  the  fabrication  of  25,000  artificial  blocks 
of  the  same  dimensions  as  those  used  at  Marseilles.  The  volume 
of  each  block  was  353  cubic  feet,  and  the  weight  about  25  tons. 
The  blocks  were  composed  of : 

Teil  hydraulic  lime  in  powder,  548  pounds. 

Sand  of  the  desert  (almost  impalpable),  1  cubic  yard. 

The  mortar  was  mixed  with  sea-water,  and  poured  into  moulds, 
and  after  2  to  3  months  hardening  in  the  air,  the  blocks  were  ready 
for  immersion. 

The  above  proportions  correspond  to  1  volume  of  lime  to  2  of 
sand.  The  yard  of  fabrication  contained  from  2,000  to  3,000  blocks 
in  various  stages  of  preparation,  and  turned  out  900  blocks  monthly, 
30  daily  for  immersion,  by  tipping  into  the  sea  from  barges.  The 
contractors  were  Messrs.  Dussaud  Bros.,  celebrated  for  their  im- 
portant marine  constructions  at  Algiers,  Marseilles,  Cherbourg. 
The  contract  price  of  the  blocks  was  42  francs  per  cubic  metre  or 
$6.40  per  cubic  yard.  The  cost  of  each  block  in  its  final  position 
was  1,000  francs,  or  $15.30  per  cubic  yard.  Teil  hydraulic  lime 
and  desert  sand  were  also  used  in  similar  proportions  to  those  em- 
ployed for  the  artificial  blocks,  in  building  the  Lighthouse  of  Port 
Said.  The  latter  is  180  feet  high,  constructed  of  a  single  mass  of 
beton  with  no  joints,  and  rests  on  a  beton  base  of  about  400  cubic 
yards.  (See  Frontispiece.) 

Alexandria. — The  Harbor  Works  of  Alexandria,  Egypt,  are  in 
course  of  construction,  and  use  an  immense  qiiantity  of  Teil  lime ; 


36 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


they  consist  of  a  breakwater  about  1^  miles  long  and  an  inner  jetty, 
and  quays;  over  15,000  acres  will  be  enclosed. 

The  breakwater  will  rise  10  to  15  feet  above  the  mean  level  of 
the  sea,  and  will  be  built  on  the  Port  Said  plan,  with  artificial 
blocks.  About  15,000  of  these  are  made,  and  it  is  estimated  that 
85,000  blocks  in  all  will  be  required,  besides  large  quantities  of 
rubble  stone.  The  quantity  of  Teil  lime  used  in  this  vast  under- 
taking will  be  about  175,000  tons. 

The  concrete  blocks  are  each  353  cubic  feet  in  volume  (10'  X  ^' 
X  6')  and  about  20  tons  in  weight.  Each  block  contains  84  cwt. 
of  Teil  hydraulic  lime  in  powder  mixed  with  desert  sand  and  broken 
limestone  (291^  lbs.  lime  per  cubic  yard  of  concrete). 

The  concrete  is  mixed  by  10  H.  P.  machinery  on  the  upper  plat- 
form of  a  travelling  crane,  stationed  over  the  empty  mould,  which 
is  filled  from  above.  After  a  few  days  the  frame  sides  of  the  mould 
are  removed,  and  the  block  is  left  to  harden  for  2|  months.  Forty 
blocks  are  ready  daily  and  loaded  on  lighters,  towed  out  to  sea,  and 
tipped  on  the  site  of  the  breakwater. 

The  yard  of  fabrication  constantly  contains  about  2,500  blocks 
in  course  of  preparation,  in  five  long  rows,  running  over  nearly 
1\  miles  of  ground.  It  is  well  supplied  with  travelling  cranes, 
50  miles  of  railroad  track,  turn-tables,  12  locomotives,  several  hun- 
dred trucks,  40  steam  engines,  12  lighters,  six  steamers,  and  one 
large  steam  derrick,  representing  about  £200,000  sterling  of  capi- 
tal, in  plant  alone.    Two  thousand  Arabs  are  employed. 

This  undertaking,  which  equals  in  greatness  that  of  Plymouth  or 
Portland,  will  probably  be  completed  in  one-fifth  the  time.  ('^  The 
Engineer;") 

The  contractors  are  Messrs.  Greenfield  &  Co.  (in  reality  Messrs. 
Kennard,  Elliot  &  Maclean),  Mr.  May,  Chief  Engineer,  and  Mr. 
Brown,  Chief  Assistant  Engineer. 

General  Observations. — Teil  hydraulic  Hme  has  been  exposed 
to  the  action  of  the  sea  for  a  long  period  of  years,  in  some  localities, 
since  1882,  and  there  has  been  ample  time  and  opportunity  for  any 
defects  it  may  have  to  declare  themselves.   Ear  from  this,  Teil  lime 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL 


37 


has  uniformly  given  good  results,  and  Vicat,  Chatoney,  and  Eivot, 
speak  of  it  in  terms  of  high  appreciation  ;  the  records  in  their  reports 
show  conclusively  its  remarkable  durability  in  marine  structures, 
and  the  Teil  mortars  examined  are  referred  to  as  being  in  a  state 
of  excellent  preservation. 

It  is  considered  preferable  to  use  Teil  lime  alone  in  mortars  or 
concretes,  instead  of  in  mixtures  with  other  limes  or  cements,  natu- 
ral or  artificial;  pozzuolana  is  generally  subject  to  great  altera- 
tion in  sea-water,  and  should  be  avoided  in  any  case. 

In  June,  1856,  M.  Pascal,  Chief  Engineer  at  Marseilles,  in  a  div- 
ing-bell, visited  with  the  greatest  care  the  Teil  mortars  and  artifi- 
cial blocks  of  the  Port,  chiefly  the  oldest,  which  were  at  a  depth 
of  43  feet,  and  immersed  from  7  to  9  years  previously.  His  testi- 
mony is  interesting  ;  he  says  : 

"  The  exterior  blocks,  the  only  ones  I  could  see,  are  covered  with 
a  luxuriant  vegetation,  and  their  edges  are  perfectly  sharp.  An 
opening  which  I  had  occasion  fo  make  in  the  jetty,  allowed  me  to 
visit  a  submerged  block  which  did  not  show  the  slightest  trace  of 
vegetation,  owing  to  the  complete  absence  of  light,  and  which  was 
very  hard  and  perfectly  intact ;  the  age  of  this  block  might  be 
seven  years.  I  also  visited  the  concrete  immediately  immersed 
after  fabrication  about  7  or  8  years  ago  ;  this  concrete  was  equally 
intact,  but  instead  of  a  growth  of  marine  plants,  a  thick  deposit 
of  ^  serpules  anhelides  '  was  found.  The  thickness  of  these  deposits 
runs  up  to  13|  inches.    Everywhere  intact  betons." 

The  great  extension  in  the  use  of  Teil  lime  for  marine  structures 
is  chiefly  due  to  the  favorable  results  obtained  in  the  works  at 
Marseilles. 


CANALS,  SEWERS,  AQUEDUCTS. 

Teil  hydraulic  lime  is  used  in  the  construction  of  the  Forez 
Canal,  Prance,  and  has  given  excellent  results.  (See  Appendix.) 
It  is  very  suitable  for  all  kinds  of  work  which  require  to  be  water- 
tight. • 


38 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


BRIDGES,  RAILROADS,  TUNNELS. 

Teil  lime  lias  been  used  in  large  quantities  for  railroad  construc- 
tions in  France,  and  the  engineers  of  several  important  roads  speak 
highly  of  its  value,  in  the  most  difficult  parts  of  the  works  under 
*    their  direction.    (See  Appendix.) 

In  the  construction  of  the  celebrated  Mont  Cenis  Tunnel, 
upwards  of  5,000  tons  of  Teil  hydraulic  lime  were  employed  with 
very  satisfactory  results.  (See  Appendix.)  It  has  been  used  in  the 
construction  of  bridges,  for  the  masonry  of  piers.  At  Constantine, 
in  Algeria,  the  remarkable  bridge  of  El-Kantara,  with  a  span  of 
188]  feet,  has  been  built  across  a  chasm  394  feet  deep.  The  piers 
were  built  of  limestone,  cemented  with  Teil  hydraulic  lime ;  in  the 
trial  loading  of  the  bridge,  they  were  subjected  during  forty-eight 
hours,  without  showing  any  sign  of  weakness,  to  a  crushing  weight 
of  260  lbs.  per  square  inch.  During  the  construction  of  the  piers, 
the  temperature  of  the  air  was  frequently  112°  to  134^  F.  This 
heat  would  have  destroyed  by  crumbling,  many  limes,  but  Teil 
nun'tar  hardened  rapidly  under  it  and  attained  great  strength. 


WAREHOUSES,  BUILDINGS,  FOUNDATIONS, 

CELLARS. 

Teil  hydraulic  mortar  makes  very  good  work  in  masonry  for 
warehouses,  buildings,  etc.,  which,  from  their  position,  are  sub- 
jected to  more  or  less  humidity.  It  makes  an  excellent  coating 
instead  of  cement  for  masonry,  and  is  particularly  adapted  to  foun- 
dation work,  cellars,  cesspools,  etc.  Cornices  of  buildings  are 
Tuade  of  Teil  lime. 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


39 


ARTIFICIAL  STONES. 

In  many  localities  artificial  stones  of  various  kinds  are  destined 
to  a  large  consumption,  from  their  cheapness  as  compared  with 
stone  brought  from  a  distance,  or  ornamental  cut  stone  for  archi- 
tectural purposes. 

an  artificial  sandstone  of  great  strength,  is  suc- 
cessfully used  in  all  kinds  of  construction,  from  the  carved  work  of 
a  church  window,  to  the  foundations  of  a  steam  engine,  a  sewer,  or 
an  aqueduct.  Teil  lime  has  been  employed  in  the  fabrication  of 
Beton  Coignet,  and  experiments  were  made  by  M.  Michelot,  Engi- 
neer-in-Chief  of  the  Fonts  et  Chaussees  upon  samples  of  the  follow- 
ing composition : 

Mixed  sand  4  to  o  volumes. 

Teil  or  other  hydraulic  lime   1  " 

Portland  cement  i  to  J 

The  results  were  a  tensile  strength  of  288  to  426  lbs.  per  square 
inch,  and  a  crushing  weight  of  2,634  to  7,495  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Paris  contains  upwards  of  31  miles  of  sewers  of  various  sizes 
made  of  Beton  Coignet,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  with  Teil 
lime,  this  excellent  material  for  sewers  can  be  made  at  a  saving  of 
at  least  20  per  cent,  on  common  masonry.  The  Fontainebleau  sec- 
tion of  the  Vanne  Aqueduct,  constructed  to  furnish  Paris  with  water, 
is  37  miles  long,  made  of  fine  sand,  hydraulic  lime,  and  a  small 
proportion  of  cement,  and  is  an  instance  of  what  can  be  built  with 
this  beton,  when  good  ingredients  are  used. 

In  the  manufacture  of  other  artificial  stones  such  as  the  Frear 
Stone  (shellac,  hydraulic  cement  and  sand),  or  the  Amerlecm  Build- 
lag  Block  GoJs  Stone  (unslaked  lime  mixed  with  moist  sand),  it  may 
be  found  advantageous  to  mix  a  proportion  of  Teil  hydraulic  lime 
with  the  other  ingredients.  Whenever  the  quality  of  the  stone  de- 
pends on  the  use  of  a  strong  hydraulic  lime  or  cement,  Teil  lime 
will  give  good  results. 


40 


HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


BRICKS  AND  SLABS  FOR  FLOORS,  PARTI- 
TION  WALLS,  ETC. 

Bricks  and  slabs  made  of  pulverized  blast  furnace  slags,  mixed 
with  a  small  proportion  of  Teil  hydraulic  lime,  make  a  very  light 
and  strong  material,  which  does  not  conduct  sound,  and  will  stand  a 
heat  of  1,000^  C.  without  melting.  This  material,  pressed  into  vari- 
ous shapes,  is  suitable  for  deafening  floors,  and  for  partition  wfiUs, 
fire-proof  buildings,  etc.  It  is  best  to  use  slags  containing  as  little 
sulphur  as  possible,  as  sulphate  of  lime  is  injurious  to  the  mixture, 
and  cracks  and  fissures  it. 


C0N"CLUSI0N. 

The  preceding  remarks  on  the  applications  of  Teil  hydraulic  lime 
show  to  what  extent  it  is  already  used  in  the  various  departments 
of  engineering  and  construction.  It  fills  the  want  which  is  felt  in 
many  localities  for  a  good  hydraulic  material,  and  the  experience 
already  obtained  of  its  durability  is  the  best  guarantee  for  the 
future. 

In  the  Appendix  will  be  found  a  brief  account  of  the  method  and 
cost  of  fabrication  of  the  artificial  blocks  of  Teil  concrete  employed 
at  Marseilles,  and  a  number  of  certificates  from  engineers  who  have 
used  Teil  hydraulic  lime  in  their  works.. 


APPENDIX. 


FABRICATION   OF  ARTIFICIAL   BLOCKS  OF 
TEIL  BETON  AT  MARSEILLES. 

General  Description  of  the  Yard  of  Fabrication. — The 

plant  consisted  of  a  steam  engine  of  15-horse  power,  which  set  in 
motion : 

1.  The  wheels  of  three  mortar  mills. 

2.  A  balance  beam  for  elevating  the  ingredients  to  the  floor  of 
the  mills. 

3.  The  mixing  cylinders  for  beton. 

4.  An  hydraulic  wheel  for  raising  water  from  a  well  to  wash 
the  pebbles  previous  to  use. 

The  floors  of  the  mortar  mills  and  mixing  cylinders  for  beton 
were  raised  above  the  level  of  the  yard.  The  materials,  loaded  into 
cars  at  the  heaps,  were  run  by  a  rail  track  A  (Plate  II.),  upon  a 
platform  B,  under  the  balance  beam,  which  lifted  them  to  the  floor 
above,  where  by  another  rail  track,  running  parallel  to  the  mortar 
mills,  the  cars  reached  the  latter,  and  the  sand  and  lime  were  emp- 
tied into  them. 

The  water  for  mixing  mortar  was  contained  in  large  tubs,  fixed 
to  the  floor,  and  supplied  by  pipes  connecting  with  the  city  mains. 

The  mortar,  having  been  mixed,  was  expelled  from  the  mills 
through  an  aperture  in  the  bottom  of  the  trough,  kept  closed  by  a 
valye  during  the  mixing,  and  fell  into  a  special  car,  placed  beneath 
the  mill  under  the  centre  of  the  valve. 

The  car  by  the  turn-table,  C,  and  the  lower  rail  track,  D,  was  run 
upon  the  platform  of  the  balance  beam,  and  lifted  to  the  floor  of 
the  mills,  where  the  rail  track,  E,  directed  it  to  the  small  shutes, 


42 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  IIME  OF  TEIL. 


under  which  were  stationed  the  mixing  cylinders  for  beton'  with 
their  covers  open.  The  car  was  tipped,  and  its  contents  directed 
into  the  mixing  cylinder  by  the  shute. 

The  elevation  of  the  mortar  cars  was  followed  by  that  of  the  peb- 
ble cars,  arriving  on  the  platform  of  the  walking  beam  by  the 
track  D  from  the  water  wheel.  The  pebbles  were  emptied  in  the 
game  way  as  the  mortar,  into  the  beton  cylinders,  which  then  con- 
tained the  necessary  ingredients  for  a  mixing  of  beton. 

The  empty  sand  and  lime  cars  were  lowered  to  the  yard  on  the 
platform  of  the  steam  balance  beam,  and,  to  avoid  crowding,  the 
empty  mortar  and  pebble  cars  were  lowered  by  a  balance  beam 
worked  by  a  windlass,  and  situated  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  floor. 

The  ingredients  in  the  mixing  cylinders  were  intermixed  by  the 
rotary  motion  communicated  to  each  cylinder  by  a  belt  from  a  line 
of  shafting. 

When  the  mixing  was  completed  the  beton  cylinder  on  its  trav- 
elling frame  was  run  by  a  short  cross  track  upon  a  truck,  which 
carried  it  by  a  lower  rail  track  to  the  head  of  the  line  of  blocks  in 
fabrication.  This  line  was  formed  b  y  successive  box  moulds,  upon 
the  top  of  which  was  established  a  movable  rail  track.  This  track 
was  continued  onwards  as  the  line  of  blocks  progressed.  The 
beton  cylinder  was  run  on  the  movable  track  over  the  mould  to  be 
filled,  emptied  of  its  contents,  and  run  back  to  the  mixing  platform 
by  the  way  it  came.  The  size  of  the  finished  block  was  3.40  me- 
tres long  by  2.00  metres  wide,  and  1.50  metres  high. 

The  beton  having  attained  a  sufficient  degree  of  hardness,  the 
blocks  were  fit  for  immersion.  Longitudinal  ties  with  rails  were 
laid  on  the  ground  on  each  side  of  the  line  of  blocks  to  be  lifted  ; 
on  this  temporary  track  a  travelling  crane  approached,  lifted  the 
block,  and  transported  it  to  a  truck  running  on  a  cross  rail  track  E 
leading  to  the  shipping  wharf.  A  derrick  lifted  the  block  and  de- 
posited it  on  the  deck  of  a  lighter,  which  transferred  it  to  the  point 
of  use.  Some  details  of  the  methods  of  fabrication  of  the  beton 
and  handhng  will  be  useful. 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


43 


Fabrication  of  the  Mortar.  Proportions. — The  mortar  was 
composed  of  3  parts  of  screened  lime  in  powder  to  5  parts  of  sand, 
uncompacted,  and  corresponding  in  weight  to  632  lbs.  of  lime  per 
cubic  yard  of  sand,  which  formed  one  mixing  of  mortar  (300  kilog. 
lime  to  0.80  cubic  metre  of  sand ;  proportions  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  La  Joliette  and  Le  Frioul  ports). 

Various  sands  were  employed ;  pure  sea-sand,  pudding-stone 
sand,  and  quarry  sand.  The  two  latter  qualities  contained,  as 
shown  by  washing,  from  12  to  18  per  cent,  of  foreign  matter  such 
as  earths  and  clays. 

In  these  conditions  the  quantity  of  water  required  for  mixing  the 
lime  into  paste  varied  with  the  quality  of  the  sand ;  with  sea-sand 
about  6  U.  S.  gallons  of  water  per  100  lbs.  of  lime  were  used,  and 
with  earthy  or  clayey  sand  9  to  9|  gallons  were  required. 

The  above  proportions  of  mortar  after  mixing  gave  an  increase  in 
volume  of : 

5  per  cent,  for  mortar  made  with  sea-sand. 

7  "  "         pudding-stone  sand. 

6  "  "  ravine  or  quarry  sand. 

The  sand  was  measured  in  iron  cars  of  the  exact  volume  (0.80 
cubic  metre)  required  for  one  mixing  of  mortar.  (Plate  V.)  The 
lime  was  in  sacks  sealed  with  lead,  and  of  an  average  weight  of 
50  kilog.  or  llOilbs.,  and  the  necessary  quantity  of  lime  was  obtained 
by  taking  a  certain  number  of  sacks  without  further  weighing.  The 
water  was  measured  in  buckets  of  known  capacity. 

On  the  ground  floor  of  the  mortar  mill  building  were  the  rail- 
tracks  and  turn-tables  for  the  handling  of  the  cars,  the  steam 
engine,  and  the  lines  of  shafting  for  setting  in  motion  the  mortar 
mills,  the  hydraulic  wheel  for  washing  the  pebbles,  and  the  beton 
cylinders.  On  the  upper  floor,  which  consisted  of  a  platform  raised 
10|  feet  above  the  ground  and  supported  by  timber  posts,  were 
established  three  mortar  mills. 

Each  mortar  mill  (Plates  III.,  IV.)  consisted  of  a  circular  cast- 
iron  trough  of  trapezoidal  section  in  which  revolved  three  wheels 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


and  a  scraper,  fastened  to  the  ends  of  four  axles  at  riglit 
angles  to  each  other,  and  dividing  the  surface  of  the  trough  into 
quarters. 

The  wheels  were  placed  at  unequal  distances  from  the  centre  of 
the  mill,  and  in  such  a  manner  that  the  sum  of  their  several  widths 
of  tire  was  equal  to  the  width  of  the  bottom  of  the  trough ;  thus  a 
wheel  ran  always  tangent  to  each  side  of  the  trough,  whilst  the 
third  wheel  ran  on  the  middle  of  the  bottom. 

The  scraper  was  formed  of  three  curved  wings  reaching  to  the 
bottom  of  the  trough,  and  fixed  above  to  a  cross-bar  of  iron  at  the 
extremity  of  the  fourth  axle. 

From  a  ring  fastened  above  the  iron  bar,  the  hook  of  a  sheet-iron 
scraper  was  suspended,  at  the  end  of  each  mixing,  for  cleaning  the 
trough.  The  section  of  the  sheet-iron  scraper  was  equal  to  that  of 
the  trough,  and  by  means  of  a  handle  a  downward  pressure  was 
exerted  on  the  scraper,  to  drive  it  into  the  mortar,  and  to  force  the 
latter  over  the  opening  of  a  trap-door  in  the  bottom  of  the  trough, 
kept  closed  during  the  mixing,  and  through  which  the  mortar  was 
expelled  into  a  car  below. 

The  rotary  motion  of  the  mortar  mills  was  obtained  by  bevelled 
gearing  on  the  horizontal  main  shaft  driven  by  the  steam  engine, 
and  on  the  vertical  shafts,  running  through  the  centres  of 
the  mills,  to  which  were  fastened  the  axles  of  the  wheels  and 
scraper. 

Each  mill  produced  in  one  mixing  0.84  cubic  metre  (1.10  cubic 
yard)  of  mortar,  and  the  time  required  was  from  15  to  20  minutes. 
The  three  mills  produced  17  cubic  yards  of  mortar  per  hour.  In 
the  fabrication  of  the  mortar,  the  lime  was  first  emptied  into  the 
trough  of  the  mill  and  equally  spread  out ;  sufiicient  water  was 
added  to  form  a  soft  paste,  and  the  sand  was  then  thrown  in  and 
the  whole  mixed.  Fifty-nine  gallons  of  water  were  generally  used 
for  one  mixing. 

The  iro7i  cars  which  received  the  mortar  (Plate  VII.)  were  sub- 
divided into  three  equal  compartments,  each  0.28  cubic  metre  in 


APPENDIX — HYDEAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


45 


volume  (9.89  cubic  feet),  so  that  each  car  contained  a  full  mixing 
of  mortar,  inclusive  of  the  increase  in  volume  of  the  latter. 
Fabrication  of  the  Beton  and  Blocks.  Proportions— The 

beton  was  composed  of  five  volumes  of  broken  stone  and  three  vol- 
umes of  mortar. 

To  obtain  these  proportions,  the  volume  of  a  stone  car  was  made 
0.465  cubic  metre  (16.42  cubic  feet),  and  its  contents,  when  mixed 
with  one  of  the  compartments  of  a  mortar  car,  0.28  cubic  metre, 
corresponded  to  0.50  cubic  metre  of  beton  (17.66  cubic  feet).  The  mix- 
ing of  the  broken  stone  and  mortar  was  accomplished  in  six  horizontal 
sheet-iron  cylinders  (Plate  VIII.)  rotating  on  their  axes,  and  placed 
on  four-wheeled  trucks  or  travelling  frames,  for  transportation  on 
the  rail  tracks.  The  cylinders  were  placed  on  a  floor  beneath  that 
of  the  mortar  mills,  at  a  height  sufficient  to  allow  of  the  ingredients 
for  concrete  being  run  into  them  by  shutes  or  inclined  planes  from 
the  upper  floor.  On  the  platform  were  six  rail  tracks,  which  ran 
across  it. 

The  mortar  car,  from  under  the  mortar  mill,  after  being  directed 
by  the  turn-table  and  the  lower  rail  track  to  the  elevator,  was  lifted 
to  the  upper  floor,  and  run  upon  a  track  which  was  laid  adjoining 
the  shutes,  ten  in  number,  leading  to  the  beton  cylinders.  The 
mortar  car  was  stopped  in  front  of  the  first  shute,  into  which  the 
contents  of  one  of  the  compartments  were  emptied,  and  thus  directed 
into  a  beton  cyHnder  below  ;  the  contents  of  each  of  the  other  two 
compartments  were  emptied  in  the  same  way  into  the  next  two 
shutes  leading  to  beton  cylinders. 

The  elevation  of  a  mortar  car  was  followed  by  that  of  three  cars 
filled  with  washed  pebbles,  which  were  in  succession  emptied  into 
the  beton  cylinders  which  had  received  the  mortar. 

A  second  mortar  car,  followed  by  three  cars  of  broken  stone, 
were  then  lifted,  and  emptied  in  the  same  way ;  the  filling  of  the 
six  cylinders  in  use  for  mixing  beton  was  thus  completed. 

After  each  filling,  the  empty  cars  were  lowered  to  the  yard  and 
I  e  turned  for  a  fresh  supply  of  mortar,  pebbles,  and  broken  stone. 


46 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


The  pebble  cars,  when  filled,  were  placed  under  the  water  spout 
connected  with  the  water  wheel,  and  the  pebbles  thoroughly 
washed. 

The  cars  used  in  the  transportation  of  these  materials  (Plate  VI. )> 
consisted  of  a  box  carried  by  a  four-wheeled  truck.  The  box  was 
kept  in  equilibrium  on  a  longitudinal  axis,  by  means  of  a  cross  rod 
attached  by  rings  to  the  bottom  of  the  box.  The  rod  ended  in  a 
hook  at  the  front  of  the  car,  and  kept  closed  one  of  the  sides  of  the 
box ;  this  side  acted  as  a  movable  door  hinged  on  its  upper  rim. 
At  the  back  of  the  car  the  rod  was  ended  by  a  hook  catching  on  a 
peg  fixed  to  the  truck.  By  a  sudden  movement  given  to  the  rod, 
the  equilibrium  of  the  car  was  destroyed,  the  side  door  opened,  and 
the  contents  emptied. 

The  mixing  machines  having  been  filled,  a  rotary  motion  was 
communicated  to  each  cylinder  by  a  belt  passing  around  a  small 
pulley  on  the  axis  of  the  cylinder,  and  a  second  pulley  on  an  inter- 
mediate line  of  shafting  which  ran  the  whole  length  of  the  plat- 
form, and  was  driven  by  a  cogged  connection  with  the  main  shaft 
of  the  mortar  mills.  To  put  the  mixing  in  operation,  the  beton 
cylinders  were  backed  from  the  shutes  sufficiently  to  tighten  the 
belts  on  the  pulleys,  and  then  kept  in  position  by  blocking  the 
wheels  of  the  frames  or  trucks. 

The  volume  of  a  mixing  of  beton,  as  previously  settled,  was  to 
be  0.50  cubic  metre  (17.66  cub.  ft.),  and  mixing  cylinders  of  0.75 
cubic  metre  (26.49  cub.  ft.)  capacity  were  considered  at  first  to  be 
large  enough  ;  but  it  was  found  necessary  to  increase  the  volume 
of  the  mixing  cylinders  to  1.00  cubic  metre  (35.32  cub.  ft.),  in  order 
to  obtain  sufficient  room  for  the  ingredients  to  intermix,  by  de- 
taching themselves  from  the  sides  of  the  cylinder.  The  interior 
space  of  the  cylinder  was,  moreover,  divided  by  12  radial  arms  riv- 
eted to  the  shaft  and  sides,  for  the  purpose  of  more  completely  di- 
viding and  mixing  the  ingredients.  (Plate  VIII.)  Twenty  revolu- 
tions of  the  cylinders,  at  a  moderate  speed,  were  sufficient  to  effect 
a  proper  mixing  of  beton.    The  speed  should  be  moderate,  other- 


APPENDIX — HYDKAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


47 


wise  the  ingredients,  by  virtue  of  the  centrifugal  force,  would  ad- 
here to  the  sides  of  the  cylinder  without  intermixing. 

To  regulate  this  part  of  the  fabrication,  which  would  be  impos- 
sible if  the  number  of  revolutions  had  to  be  counted  by  the  eye,  a 
mechanical  counter  was  provided.  It  consisted  of  a  sheet-iron 
disc  attached  to  the  fixed  frame  of  the  mixing  machine,  and  capa- 
ble of  revolving  around  a  ring  screw  on  its  axis.  The  circumfer- 
■ence  of  the  disc  was  divided  into  20  parts  by  triangular  notches, 
thus  forming  an  equal  number  of  teeth  less  one  which  was  replaced 
by  a  notch.  An  index  fixed  to  the  beton  cylinder,  at  each  revolu- 
tion of  the  latter,  pressed  on  one  of  the  teeth,  and  advanced  the 
disc  one  turn ;  after  20  revolutions,  if  the  disc  was  properly  placed 
at  the  start,  the  index  turned  free  in  the  notch  replacing  the  tooth 
which  had  been  suppressed  ;  this  indicated  that  the  required  num- 
ber of  turns  had  been  accomplished.  The  blocking  wedges  were 
withdrawn  from  the  wheels,  the  belt  was  loosened,  and  the  beton 
cylinder  ceased  revolving.    A  mixing  of  beton  lasted  5  minutes. 

The  travelling  frame  carrying  the  cylinder  was  run  on  to  rails 
placed  upon  the  platform  of  a  truck,  which  transported  it  by  a  rail 
track  to  the  head  of  the  line  of  blocks  in  fabrication.  The  rails  on 
the  platform  of  the  truck  were  on  the  same  level  as  the  rails  on 
the  floor  of  the  mixing  cylinders,  and  as  the  rails  of  the  movable 
rail  track  set  upon  the  blocks. 

The  frame  carrying  the  beton  cylinder  was  run  upon  the  movable 
track,  until  it  was  stopped  over  the  box  mould  which  was  to  be 
filled.  The  cover  of  the  beton  cylinder  was  then  opened,  the  latter 
turned  half  round  on  its  axis,  and  the  beton  emptied  into  the 
mould  below.  The  cylinder  was  then  righted,  and  with  open  cov- 
er returned  to  the  floor  for  another  mixing. 

The  beton  emptied  into  the  mould  was  sufficient  to  cover  the 
surface  to  a  depth  of  5 1  inches.  This  layer  was  equalized  and 
firmly  packed  by  three  workmen  provided  with  shovels,  and  ram- 
mers of  31  lbs.  weight. 

As  each  beton  cylinder  contained  |  cubic  metre  of  beton,  it  re- 


48 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


quired  21  loads  to  fill  a  mould,  taking  into  account  the  settling  and 
compacting  of  the  beton,  which  was  5  per  cent.  The  fabrication  of 
a  block  generally  occupied  an  hour. 

The  pannels  of  the  box-moulds  rested  on  close-jointed  wooden 
flooring  which  formed  the  bottom  of  the  moulds.  Across  the  bot- 
tom, and  at  about  0.50  metre  from  the  ends,  small  hollow  boxes 
of  slats  were  placed,  to  form  grooves  in  the  block  for  the  suspen- 
sion chains  used  in  handling.  The  lower  grooves  were  continued 
vertically  up  the  sides  of  the  blocks.  These  side  grooves  were  ob- 
tained by  timbers  of  trapezoidal  section,  slightly  fastened  to  the 
pannels  of  the  moulds,  and  separated  from  the  beton  when  the 
moulds  were  taken  apart. 

In  the  fabrication  of  the  blocks,  no  voids  were  allowed  in  the  in- 
terior, and  the  surfaces  were  required  to  be  perfectly  smooth,  and 
to  present  the  appearance  of  a  coat  of  mortar. 

The  first  of  these  conditions  was  fulfilled  by  ramming.  The 
second  was  obtained  by  throwing  the  beton  violently  against  the 
interior  sides  of  the  pannels  ;  the  mortar  alone  adhered  to  the  lat- 
ter, the  pebbles,  etc.,  being  thrown  back.  The  surfaces  of  the  fin- 
ished block  presented  no  sign  of  broken  stone  or  pebbles.  The 
upper  surface  of  the  block  was  smoothed  with  the  shovel  when  the 
mould  was  completely  filled. 

In  consequence  of  the  ramming  and  of  the  weight  of  the  beton 
before  the  setting  took  place,  it  sometimes  happened  that  the  pan- 
nels of  the  moulds  were  forced  out  of  shape,  and  the  blocks  also. 
These  deformations  arose  from  the  swelling  of  the  vertical  pannels, 
and  the  swelling  prevented  subsequently  the  blocks  from  being 
placed  close  together  in  building  the  courses  of  quay  walls.  This 
disadvantage  was  partly  obviated  by  tightening  bolts  applied  to 
the  top  and  bottom  of  the  moulds,  and  by  bracing  the  pannels 
from  the  outside,  when  a  neighboring  line  of  blocks  allowed  it  to 
be  done. 

The  object  of  the  vertical  grooves  left  in  the  blocks  during  their 
fabrication  was,  to  permit  the  suspension  chains  to  lodge  in  them  ; 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


49 


without  this  precaution,  the  thickness  of  the  chains  would,  of  ne- 
cessity, have  obliged  the  blocks  to  be  left  considerably  apart  in 
building  them  into  the  courses  of  a  quay  wall. 

The  moulds  were  taken  to  pieces  three  days  after  completion  of 
the  filling ;  at  this  age  the  beton  had  acquired  sufficient  consist- 
ency to  hold  together,  and  to  bear  the  weight  of  the  movable  rail 
track  set  on  top,  and  used  for  running  the  beton  cylinders  back 
and  forth.  The  blocks  thus  exposed  to  the  air,  remained  in  the 
yard  during  the  time  required  for  their  complete  drying  and  hard- 
ening. The  length  of  time  required  varied  from  40  to  50  days,  ac- 
cording to  the  season.  Sometimes  blocks  have  been  lifted  and 
transported  to  the  point  of  use  in  29  days  after  fabrication. 

The  putting  together  and  taking  apart  of  the  box  moulds  was 
easily  accomplished.  The  moulds  consisted  of  two  side  and  two 
end  pannels,  joined  together  simply  by  juxtaposition,  and  kept  in 
place  by  iron  bolts,  on  one  end  of  which  a  scre^  thread  was  cut^ 
and  a  nut  with  a  handle  used  for  tightening.  The  taking  apart 
consisted  in  loosening  the  nuts,  and  removing  the  separate  pan- 
nels. 

Lifting,  Loading,  and  Transpoitation  of  |he  Blocks. — 

The  lines  of  blocks  in  the  yard  ran  parallel  to  each  other,  and  were 
separated  by  a  clear  space  of  about  2  feet.  The  thickness  of  the 
sides  of  the  moulds  rendered  this  space  necessary  in  any  case,  and 
it  was  also  required  for  the  movable  rail  track  used  in  the  trans- 
portation of  the  blocks. 

The  lifting  and  transporting  of  the  blocks  was  eJBPected  by  a 
steam  travelling  crane.  (Frontispiece.) 

The  crane  consisted  of  a  strong  sheet  iron  frame,  19|  ft.  long  by 
9  ft.  2  in.  wide,  with  4  cast-iron  wheels.  The  frame  was  divided 
by  a  sheet-iron  partition  into  two  compartments,  the  rear  one  with 
sheet-iron  sides  was  empty  and  received  the  block ;  the  fore  com- 
partment was  covered  with  a  floor  upon  which  rested  the  steam 
engine,  boiler  and  machinery.  The  engine  was  of  8  horse-power^ 
vertical,  non-condensing,  with  2  cylinders  and  a  tubular  boiler. 

A  system  of  gearing  transmitted  the  power,  either  to  a  vertical 


50 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


shaft  which,  by  a  cog-wheel  on  one  of  the  axles,  worked  the  travel- 
ling crane  backward  and  forward,  or  else  to  a  horizontal  shaft 
which  communicated  the  motion  to  two  vertical  screws  used  in  lift- 
ing the  blocks. 

The  travelling  crane  with  its  frame  was  carried  by  a  truck  with 
rails  fixed  on  its  platform.  The  truck  travelled  back  and  forth  on 
the  rail  track  G.  (Plate  II.)  and  placed  the  crane  at  the  head  of 
the  different  lines  of  blocks.  The  rails  on  the  platform  of  the 
truck  were  on  a  level  with  the  rails  of  the  movable  track  establish- 
ed on  the  ground  on  each  side  of  the  blocks  for  the  use  of  the  trav- 
elling crane.  The  movable  track  consisted  of  heavy  longitudinal 
oak  ties  carrying  the  rails. 

When  a  line  of  blocks  was  ready  for  immersion,  the  travelling 
crane  left  the  truck,  and,  passing  across  the  sunken  track  F  on  to 
the  movable  track,  approached  the  first  block.  The  suspension 
chains,  previously  passed  around  the  block  and  lodged  in  the 
grooves  of  the  latter,  were  fastened  to  the  ends  of  two  horizontal 
beams,  fixed  to  the  lower  part  of  the  vertical  screws.  The  beams 
consisted  of  two  plates  of  sheet  iron,  strengthened  and  connected 
by  iron  braces ;  at  their  extremities  a  hole  was  cut  for  the  key 
which  held  the  end  of  the  chain,  and  the  beams,  like  the  arms  of 
a  pair  of  scales,  worked  on  a  pivot  at  the  point  of  fastening  to  the 
vertical  screws,  in  order  to  be  more  easily  attached  to  the  chains. 

The  chains  being  attached,  the  horizontal  shaft,  extending  the 
whole  length  of  the  upper  part  of  the  frame  of  the  crane,  was  set 
in  motion ;  on  this  shaft  were  two  sections  of  an  endless  screw, 
which  engaged  with  two  horizontal  pinions  bearing  teeth  on  their 
outer  circumference,  and  through  the  centres  of  which  passed  the 
upright  ends  of  the  hoisting  screws.  The  pinions  formed  the  nuts 
of  the  screws,  and  as  the  former  were  prevented  from  rising,  the 
latter  were  forced  to  ascend,  carrying  the  block  up  with  them.  The 
travelling  crane  then  transported  the  block  over  the  sunken  track  F, 
and  deposited  it  upon  a  truck  below.  To  free  the  block,  which  was 
still  surrounded  by  the  sides  of  the  crane,  the  latter  moved  on  to 
the  travelling  frame  or  truck,  on  the  outer  track  G,  drawing  after 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL.     Xv-*       '         \  - 

it  by  a  hook  and  chain,  the  two  girders  forming  a  bridge-^^xross  / 
the  sunken  track,  and  which  would  have  interfered  with  the  pas- 
sage of  the  truck  loaded  with  the  block.    When  the  latter  had 
moved  away,  the  bridge  girders  were  replaced,  and  the  travel- 
ling crane  returned  across  them  to  obtain  another  block. 

The  block  was  transported  along  the  lower  rail  track,  under  a 
scaffold  or  derrick  established  on  the  shore ;  on  the  upper  girders 
of  the  derrick  a  travelling  windlass  lifted  the  block  and  deposited 
it  on  a  lighter.  The  loaded  truck  with  the  block  was  either  drawn 
by  an  endless  chain  from  a  stationary  steam-engine  beneath  the 
derrick,  or  else  by  a  small  locomotive,  and  later  by  horses. 

The  lighters  were  towed  to  the  point  of  use  by  a  steamer.  They 
were  generally  made  of  the  hulks  of  old  sailing  vessels,  of  which 
the  deck  was  lowered.    Three  blocks  were  loaded  on  each  lighter. 

Employment  of  Artificial  Blocks. — The  blocks  were  used 
in  protecting  the  seaward  slope  of  the  jetties,  and  also  in  the  con- 
struction of  quay  walls.    (Plate  I.) 

Jetties. — In  the  revetment  of  the  jetties  the  blocks  were  used 
below  and  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  the  operation  of  placing 
them  was  different  in  each  case. 

blocks  Used  Beneath  the  Level  of  the  Sea. — The  lighters  used 
in  transporting  blocks  to  be  sunk  in  the  sea  were  prepared  as 
follows :  On  the  deck  was  established  an  incline  capable  of  re- 
ceiving 3  blocks,  and  on  the  timbers  forming  the  ways,  strongly 
greased  pine  skids  were  placed ;  a  horizontal  iron  rod  lay  on  the 
deck  along  the  foot  of  the  skids,  and  was  kept  in  place  at  each  end 
by  two  rings,  through  which  it  passed.  To  the  rod  were  fixed  6 
iron  arms,  two  by  two,  so  that  two  arms  were  in  front  of  each 
block  on  the  ways.  At  each  end  of  the  iron  rod  was  a  handle  in 
the  same  plane  with  the  iron  arms,  with  which  the  rod  could  be 
turned  in  the  rings.  Before  loading  the  lighter  the  handles  were 
lifted  upright,  and  kept  in  that  position  by  a  catch  attached  to  the 
deck  ;  the  iron  arms  also  were  then  vertical. 

The  blocks  were  lowered  upon  the  ways,  and  kept  in  position  by 
the  iron  arms  against  which  they  rested.     When  the  hghter  had 


52 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL, 


reached  the  point  of  immersion,  the  catch  holding  the  handles  was 
let  go,  and  the  iron  arms,  being  no  longer  retained  in  position, 
were  forced  over  on  to  the  deck  by  the  weight  of  the  blocks,  which 
then  sUd  off  the  lighter  into  the  sea. 

Blocks  used  above  the  Level  of  the  Sea, — The  blocks  were 
deposited  on  a  lighter,  the  deck  of  which  was  level,  and  towed  to 
the  point  of  use,  where  a  floating  derrick  or  sheers  on  a  barge 
awaited  them.  The  summit  of  the  sheers  reached  5.00  metres 
(16|  ft.)  beyond  the  bow  of  the  barge.  A  windlass,  with  a  10-horse 
power  engine,  worked  a  heavy  iron  chain  over  a  pulley  at  the  end 
of  the  sheers.  The  chain  ended  in  four  smaller  chains,  capable  of 
being  fastened  together  two  by  two. 

The  sheers  and  lighter  being  in  proximity,  the  chains  were 
passed  around  in  the  grooves  of  a  block,  the  windlass  set  in  motion, 
and  the  blocks  suspended  in  air.  By  hawsers  from  the  jetty,  the 
barge  and  sheers  were  hauled  in  front  of  the  point  to  be  covered, 
and  the  block  was  lowered  upon  the  slope  of  the  jetty.  The  main 
chain  was  slackened,  the  small  chains  unfastened  from  the  block, 
and  the  operation  completed. 

The  placing  of  a  block  by  tkis  method  occupied  about  20  min- 
utes, and  in  calm  weather  up  to  31  blocks  could  be  placed  in  a  day, 
and  generally  25  blocks.  High  tide  was  preferred  for  immersion^ 
as  the  chances  of  breakage  of  the  blocks  were  diminished  by  the 
greater  thickness  of  water  they  had  to  pass  through. 

Quay  Walls. — The  general  foundation  of  the  jetty,  etc.,  con- 
sisted of  a  bank  of  broken  stones  of  various  sizes,  a  pierre  perdue, 
rising  from  the  bed  of  the  sea,  at  a  depth  of  17  metres  (56  ft.).  On 
the  interior  slope  of  the  jetty,  the  bank  was  carried  up  at  45^  to 
within  about  6  metres  (19|  ft.)  of  the  level  of  the  sea.  At  this 
depth  it  formed  a  wide  bench  or  set-back,  upon  which  the  quay 
wall,  composed  of  four  courses  of  beton  blocks,  each  1.50  metres 
(5  ft.)  high,  was  built  up  to  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  surface  of  the  bench  was  too  irregular  to  serve  as  a  bed  for 
the  blocks,  and  it  was  levelled  by  filling  up  the  inequalities  and 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL 


53 


spaces  between  the  large  stones,  with  small  gravel  and  broken 
stones. 

For  this  purpose,  a  raft  of  wood  was  anchored  over  the  site  of  the 
quay.  In  the  floor  of  the  raft,  a  rectangular  aperture  was  made,  with 
its  longest  sides  in  the  direction  of  the  width  of  the  set-back.  On 
one  of  the  longer  sides  a  plank  apron  was  erected,  inclined  towards 
the  opening.    On  the  opposite  side  was  a  vertical  apron  of  boards. 

A  lighter  loaded  with  small  broken  stones  and  gravel  was 
moored  to  the  raft,  and  the  materials  were  emptied  in  small  quan- 
tities upon  the  inclined  apron,  and  through  the  opening  in  the 
floor  of  the  raft,  into  the  sea.  A  workman  standing  behind  the 
Tertical  apron  to  protect  himself  from  the  splashing  of  the  water, 
directed  with  a  sounding  lead  the  levelling  of  the  bed  of  the  quay. 
The  rough  bed  was  equalized  over  a  width  of  8  metres  (26  ft.),  cor- 
responding to  the  length  of  a  block  3.40  metres  (11.16  ft.),  with  an 
additional  width  of  2.50  metres  (8  ft.)  in  front.  (Plate  I.)  The 
diving-bell  was  used  for  removing  any  pieces  of  rock,  which  from 
their  large  size  interfered  with  the  regularity  of  the  bed. 

These  preparations  being  completed,  the  blocks  were  loaded  on 
lighters,  towed  to  the  site,  and  suspended  in  air  by  the  floating 
sheers,  in  the  same  way  as  when  used  for  the  seaward  revetment. 
To  lower  the  block  to  its  bed,  6  metres  below  the  surface  of  the 
water,  and  to  align  it  in  the  quay  wall,  an  iron  frame  was  used, 
consisting  of  3  sides,  each  2.00  metres  (6|  ft.)  long,  and  equal  to 
the  width  of  the  block. 

At  each  angle  of  the  iron  frame  sockets  were  placed,  in  which 
were  clamped  upright  wooden  posts  6  metres  high.  When  the  block 
was  ready  to  be  lowered  the  frame  was  placed  upon  it,  the  two  up- 
rights being  in  the  same  plane  with  that  side  of  the  block  des- 
tined to  form  part  of  the  face  of  the  wall. 

When  the  block  was  submerged  and  directed  into  its  proper 
place  by  the  frame  and  uprights,  its  position  below  was  indicated 
by  the  visible  portion  of  the  latter  above  water ;  it  was  thus  sufii- 
•cient  to  place  the  uprights  in  the  alignment  of  the  proposed  quay 
wall,  to  be  certain  that  the  blocks  were  also  in  it.    When  a  block 


54 


APPENDIX — HYDKAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


was  placed  the  suspension  chains  were  withdrawn,  as  well  as  the 
iron  frame,  which  was  kept  in  position  only  by  its  weight. 

The  placing  of  the  first  course  of  blocks  was  the  most  difiicult  to 
accomplish,  on  account  of  the  occasional  unevenness  of  the  bottom, 
caused  either  by  the  action  of  the  waves,  or  by  imperfect  levelling ; 
divers  were  then  employed  to  remove  the  obstacles. 

The  joints  of  the  blocks  of  each  course  were  laid  as  close  as 
possible,  and  the  joints  of  two  successive  courses  were  crossed  at 
half  the  width  of  the  block.  To  complete  a  course,  blocks  were 
cut  to  the  required  dimensions  for  filling  the  vacant  space. 

The  wall  of  beton  blocks  was  continued  above  water  by  masonry 
which  formed  the  quay  wall  proper.  To  avoid  the  disruption  of 
the  latter  by  any  settling  of  the  blocks  from  the  additional  weight, 
they  were  previously  loaded  during  several  months  with  two 
courses  of  blocks.  The  settling  produced  by  this  weight  was 
frequently  very  irregular,  and  the  consequent  inequalities  in  the 
surface  of  the  upper  course  of  blocks  were  carefully  levelled  with 
layers  of  cement  concrete  at  the  level  of  low  tide,  from  which  point 
the  quay  wall  of  masonry  was  built  up.  The  bench  of  2.50  metres 
in  width,  at  the  base  of  the  wall  of  artificial  blocks,  was  generally 
destroyed,  in  part  by  the  united  effects  of  the  weight  of  the  wall 
and  the  action  of  the  waves  ;  it  was  re-established  with  broken 
stones  and  rocks  placed  by  the  workmen  in  the  diving-bells. 


Personnel  and  Labor  required, 
1^.  Fabrication. 

Steam  Engine,    Engineer  and  fireman   2  men. 

Pebbles,    Loading  cars  12  " 

Washing   7  " 

Sand.       Loading  cars   6 

Conducting  cars  to  elevator   2 

Unloading  and  heaping  sand   3  " 

Lime,       Loading  cars  and  conducting  to  ele- 
vator  2  " 

Floor  of  Mortar  Mills,    Lifting  cars   1 

Receiving  lime  and  sand  cars,  and 
mill  work   6  " 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL.  55 

Emptying  mortar  and  pebble  cars 

into  beton  cylinders   5  men. 

Lowering  empty  cars   2  " 

Floor  of  Beton  Cylinders,    Fabrication   2    "  . 

Loaded  and  Empty  Cars  under  Mortar  Mill 
Floor, 

Receiving  mortar  from  mills   2  " 

Conducting  mortar  and  pebble  cars 

to  elevator   5 

Receiving  empty  cars  lowered  from 

mill  floor   2  " 

Transportation  of  Beton^  Ramming^  Moulds, 

Transportation  of  beton   9  " 

Ramming  beton  (3  men  per  mould)  9  " 
Putting  up  and  taking  moulds  apart.  8  " 


(3  Beton  Cylinders  in  Transportation.    3  Beton 


Blocks  in  Fabrication.) 
2^.  Lifting  Blocks  and  Shipping. 

Steam  Crane,    Engineer  and  fireman   2  " 

Lifting   and   Shipping,     Placing  movable 
tracks,  and  service  of  blocks...  10 
■                  Transporting  blocks  to  shipping  der- 
rick (2  H.  P.  locomotive)   2 

Lifting  block  at  derrick,  and  loading 

on  ligbter   6  " 

3^.  Transportation  to  Point  of  Immersion. 

Tow-boat,    Officers  and  crew   8 

4^.  Employment  of  Blocks  under  Water. 

Number  of  lighters  (1  loading,  1 

transporting)   2  lighters. 

Labor  in  immersing   8  men. 

5^ .  Employment  of  Blocks  for  Crowning  Jetties 
or  Quay  Wall  Foundations. 

Number  of  lighters  for  transporting  2  lighters. 
Floating  sheers  1  sheers. 


56 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


Labor  on  sheers   7  men. 

Crews  of  lighters,  and  labor  in  im- 
mersing  6 

Average  Daily  Production  and  Work. 

Fabrication  12  blocks. 

Employment  of  blocks  under  water.  .20 
Employment  of  blocks,   crown  of 

jetties.  16 

Employment  of  blocks,  quay  wall 

foundations  ,  12  " 

Description  of  a  Smaller  Yard  of  Fabrication.— The 

establishment  of  the  plant  described  above  entails  a  great  expen- 
diture, which  can  only  be  entered  upon  when  a  large  quantity  of 
beton  is  required.  A  smaller  plant  was  established  for  the 
fabrication  of  25,000  cubic  metres  (33,000  cubic  yards)  of 
beton  to  be  immersed  green  for  the  graving  docks  of  the  port 
of  Marseilles, 

The  plant  consisted  of  a  mortar  mill  for  the  fabrication  of 
mortar,  and  a  platform  of  planks  on  which  the  mixing  of  the 
mortar  with  the  broken  stones  for  beton  was  carried  on.  The 
wheels  of  the  mortar  mill  were  set  in  motion  by  a  locomobile,  which 
-also  worked  a  water-wheel  for  washing  the  pebbles. 

The  pebbles  were  deposited  upon  the  platform  in  a  long  narrow 
heap  of  triangular  section,  and  upon  them  was  laid  the  proper 
quantity  of  mortar.  The  mixing  was  done  by  hand ;  three  men 
with  hoes  on  one  side  of  the  heap  spread  out  the  ingredients 
towards  them  'on  the  board  flooring,  and  were  assisted  by  three 
men  with  shovels  upon  the  opposite  side.  Two  of  the  latter  assisted 
in  spreading  out  the  mixture,  whilst  the  third  shovelled  it  over 
into  a  heap.  The  process  of  turning  over  was  continued  three 
times,  and  the  beton  was  then  sufficiently  mixed.  The  beton  in 
its  passage  across  the  platform,  from  its  first  to  its  third  position, 
traversed  during  the  mixing  a  distance  of  6  metres,  or  about  6|  feet 
for  each  turning  over. 

The  mortar  on  account  of  the  peculiar  character  of  the  works  in 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


57 


which  it  was  to  be  used,  was  made  with  400  kilog.  of  lime  of  Teil 
to  1.07  cubic  metre  of  uncompacted  sand  (630  lbs.  lime  per  cubic 
yard  of  sand).  The  beton  consisted  of  three  parts  of  pebbles  to 
two  parts  of  mortar. 

The  pebbles  weie  transported  to  the  platform  in  wheel-barrows, 
of  which  the  volume  was  2.37  cubic  feet.  The  bottom  of  the  barrows 
consisted  of  open  work,  to  let  the  water  run  completely  off,  after 
washing  the  pebbles  in  the  barrows. 

The  mortar  was  transported  on  barrows  with  a  raised  edge  upon 
three  sides,  so  as  to  give  a  volume  of  1.59  cubic  feet.  The  cubic  con- 
tents of  the  pebble  and  mortar  barrows  were  thus  in  the  proportion 
of  3  to  2,  and  to  avoid  confusion,  a  barrow  full  of  pebbles  deposited 
on  the  mixing  area  was  always  followed  by  a  barrow  full  of  mortar, 
before  the  arrival  of  the  next  barrow  of  pebbles. 

The  beton  made  as  above,  was  shovelled  into  sheet  iron  semi-cyl- 
indrical boxes  for  immersion.  The  boxes  were  placed  on  boats  and 
transported  to  the  point  of  use,  where  they  were  lifted  by  a  crane  set 
upon  the  caissons,  and  lowered  into  the  water  to  form  the  hearting 
of  the  sea  wall. 

The  daily  fabrication  was  60  cubic  metres  of  beton. 

The  labor  required  for  this  production  was  : 

Steam  Engine   1  man. 

Transportation  of  sand   4  men. 

do.  of  lime  and  work  at  mill   4  " 

Pebbles    \  I^oading  barrows  and  washing   10  *^ 

(  Returning  barrows  to  platform   1  man. 

Loading  mortar  barrows,  and  emptying  mor- 
tar on  pebbles   8  men. 

Mixing  beton  (two  gangs  of  men)  12 

Loading  beton  into  boxes   5  " 

Transporting  boxes  by  boat  (3  boats  and  3 
boxes  per  boat)   9  " 

\  .      (  Windlass   4 

Immersion.  J  Emptying  boxes   2  " 

Cost  of  Fabrication  of  Teil  Beton  Blocks— In  the  im- 
portant works  of  the  construction  of  the  Napoleon  Basin  and  Jetty 


58 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


at  Marseilles  in  1857,  of  which  M.  Pascal  was  Chief  Engineer,  and 
MM.  Dussaud  Bros.  Contractors,  10,000  artificial  blocks  ofTeilbe- 
ton  were  employed ;  the  volume  of  each  block  was  10  cubic  me- 
tres, 353  cubic  feet. 

The  cost  of  fabrication,  although  lower  than  what  it  would  be  to- 
day, is  interesting  as  giving  the  relative  cost  of  the  different  items, 
and  the  proportions  of  beton. 

Teil  Beton  for  Artificial  Blocks,  {Marseilles.) 

2861  lbs.  of  Teil  lime  at  28  fr.  per  ton   $0  73 

Weighing,  transporting  and  storage  of  lime   0  08 

0.45  cubic  yard  of  sand  at  3.82  fr.  per  cub.  yd....    0  35 

1  cub.  yd.  of  pebbles  at  2.68  fr.  per  cub., yd   0  53 

Fabrication,  inclusive  of  taking  moulds  apart,  cost 

of  moulds,  &c.,  and  groove  boxes   0  46 

Lifting,  transporting,  immersing,  inclusive  of  cost 

of  plant   0  46 

General  expenses    0  09 

Profit  of  contractor   ,          0  19 

Cost*  per  cubic  yard  of  artificial  block  in  final  ) 
posi  ion   ^  * 

Teil  Beton  for  immediate  immersion,  (Marseilles.) 

337  lbs.  of  Teil  lime  at  30  fr.  per  ton   $0  92 

0.54  cub.  yd.  of  sand  at  3.44  fr.  per  cub.  yd   0  37 

0.90  cub.  yd.  of  broken  stone  at  2.68  fr.  per  cub. 

yard   0  48 

Fabrication  and  immersion   0  61 

General  expenses -jjV   0  12 

Profit  of  contractor  -^q   0  25 

Cost  per  cubic  yard  of  beton  immersed  green          $2  75 

Since  the  execution  of  these  important  works,  the  cost  of  Teil 
hydraulic  lime  has  considerably  increased,  owing  to  its  demand  for 
works  such  as  those  of  the  Suez  Canal,  Alexandria  Harbor,  etc. 

*  All  prices  and  costs  given  in  gold. 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


59 


,  In  the  construction  of  the  Port  Said  Breakwaters,  in  1865  to  1868, 
the  cost  of  Teil  beton  per  cubic  yard  of  artificial  block  was  $6.40  ; 
the  cost  of  the  block  in  final  position  was  $15.30  per  cubic  yard. 

The  cost  of  fabrication  by  machinery  of  Teil  beton  for  artificial 
blocks,  at  any  point  near  New  York,  may  be  estimated  as  follows, 
adopting  the  proportions  actually  employed  by  French  engineers  of 
590  Ibs.-Teil  hydraulic  lime  per  cubic  yard  of  sand,  producing  1.10 
cubic  yards  of  mortar,  and  one  volume  of  Teil  mortar  to  two  vol- 
umeS  of  broken  stone.  Teil  hydraulic  lime  costs  $21.75  per  ton, 
delivered  in  dock,  New  York  ;  the  cost  of  sand,  broken  stone,  and 
labor  is  based  upon  the  results  obtained  by  General  Gillmore  in 
1870  to  1871,  in  making  concrete  for  the  Staten  Island  Forts  : 
Teil  Beton  for  Artificial  Blocks,    {New  York,) 


266  lbs.  Teil  lime,  at  $21.75  per  ton  of  2,240  lbs....  $2  58 
1.45  cub.  yds.  of  sand,  at  36c.  per  cubic  yard   0  16 

0.50  cubic  yard  Teil  mortar. 

1         "      "     of  broken  stones  and  pebbles,  at 

$2.00  per  cubic  yard   2  00 

Fabrication  of  beton  (mixing,  transporting  to 
moulds,  ramming),  inclusive  of  taking  moulds 
apart,  cost  of  moulds,  etc.,  and  groove  boxes   1  60 

Cost  of  Teil  beton  per  cubic  yard  of  block   $6  34 

Lifting,  transporting,  immersing,  inclusive  of  cost 

of  plant   2  00 

General  expenses  -^-^j   0  42 

Profit  of  contractor   0  88 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  of  artificial  block  in 

final  position   $9  64 


In  betons  made  with  Portland  cement,  it  is  a  common  practice  to 
cheapen  the  product  by  employing  equal  volumes  of  cement  and 
slaked  ground  non-hydraulic  lime  in  powder,  instead  of  cement 
alone. 

With  Portland  cement  alone,  weighing  106  lbs.  to  the  bushel, 
it  is  expensive  to  fulfil  the  conditions  of  a  good  mortar  by  filling 


60 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


the  voids  in  the  sand,  and  the  use  of  the  common  lime  is  to  rem- 
edy the  lack  of  volume  of  the  cement  at  the  expense  of  homogene- 
ity, and  of  a  better  resistance  to  the  action  of  sea-water. 

The  opinion  is  gaining  ground  among  many  engineers,  that  it  is 
preferable  to  employ  a  single  lime  or  cement  at  a  time  in  a  mortar 
or  beton  instead  of  various  mixtures,  and  that  a  good  hydraulic 
lime  used  by  itself  is  better  than  a  mixture  of  a  good  cement  and 
an  ordinary  lime,  or  of  an  ordinary  lime  and  pozzuolana. 

Teil  lime  weighing  56  lbs.  to  the  bushel,  gives  not  far  from 
double  the  volume  of  the  same  weight  of  Portland  cement.  It  is 
strongly  hydraulic,  very  uniform  in  composition,  and  as  its  quality 
is  invariable,  Teil  lime  produces  very  homogeneous  mortars  and 
betons,  which  resist  the  action  of  sea- water. 

For  artificial  blocks  for  marine  structures,  a  beton  of  first  rate 
quality  can  be  made  as  above  mentioned,  for  $6.34  per  cubic  yard  of 
finished  block.  The  same  beton,  in  which  the  Teil  lime,  weighing 
266  lbs.,  has  been  replaced  by  an  equal  volume  of  Portland  cement, 
w^eighing  504  lbs.  (at  $20.60  per  gross  ton),  would  cost,  the  other 
items  remaining  the  same,  $8.39  per  cubic  yard  of  finished  block, 
showing  an  increased  cost  of  about  30  per  cent. 

If  one-half  of  the  volume  of  Portland  cement  is  replaced  by  a 
common  lime  (252  lbs.  of  cement,  at  $20.60,  and  178  lbs.  of  lime  at 
$5  per  gross  ton),  the  other  items  remaining  the  same,  the  economy 
obtained  by  the  use  of  Teil  beton  is  about  $0. 14  per  cubic  yard,  the 
prices  of  both  betons  being  respectively  $6.48  and  $6.34  per  cubic 
yard  of  block.  In  this  case  the  chief  advantage  attending  the  use 
of  Teil  hydraulic  lime,  is  that  a  more  reliable  and  homogeneous 
beton  is  obtained,  which  can  be  depended  upon  to  resist  the  action 
of  the  sea. 


APPENDIX— HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


61 


CERTIFICATES. 
Port  of  Marseilles.   (Mediteeeanean-  Sea.) 

!•  Teil  lime,  from  the  quarries  of  Messrs.  L.  and  E.  Pavin  de 
Lafarge,  has  been  employed  for  upwards  of  16  years  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Ehone.  It  has  been  used  almost  exclusively 
in  the  construction  of  La  Jolliette  and  of  the  Frioul,  notably  in  the 
fabrication  of  artificial  blocks  for  the  exterior  slope  of  the  jetties 
where  they  would  receive  the  shock  of  the  waves,  and  in  the 
masses  of  concrete  for  the  foundations  of  quay  walls.  The  con- 
crete in  the  artificial  blocks  was  immersed  after  a  preliminary  dry- 
ing in  air  for  several  months  ;  the  masses  of  concrete  for  foundations 
were  immersed  green. 

All  the  works  made  with  this  lime  have  resisted  perfectly  the 
chemical  action  of  salt  water,  and  the  shock  of  the  waves.  Of  the 
great  number  of  mortars  made  of  various  hydraulic  limes  on  which 
we  have  experimented  to  determine  the  tensile  strength,  those  made 
of  Teil  lime  occupy  the  first  place.  Teil  mortars  have  been  used 
both  in  fresh  and  salt  water,  in  masonry  and  as  a  coating.  In 
these  uses  we  have  also  found  them  far  superior  to  other  hydraulic 
mortars. 

The  Engineer-in- Ordinary, 

(Signed)  Pascal. 

Maeseilles,  VJth  Feb,^  1855. 

2.  To-day,  on  the  termination  of  the  works  of  the  Napoleon 
Basin  and  of  those  of  the  Marseilles  Docks  and  Warehouses  Basins, 
exclusively  constructed  with  the  hydraulic  limes  of  Teil  (Ardeche) 
derived  chiefly  from  the  quarrries  of  MM.  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  we 
can  testify  to  the  superiority  of  these  limes. 

The  Engineer-in  Chief, 
(Signed)  Pascal, 

Maeseilles,  13  Feh.^  1867. 

3.  The  undersigned,  Engineer-in-Chief  of  Bridges  and  High- 
ways, charged  with  the  direction  of  the  works  of  the  I'ort  of  Mar- 


62 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


sellles,  certifies  that  since  1840  the  hydraulic  limes  of  Teil  have 
been  exclusively  employed  in  these  vrorks,  of  which  the  value  is 
about  fifty  millions,  and  that  they  have  given  the  best  results. 

It  was  on  account  of  these  ascertained  facts  that  in  nearly  all  the 
great  works  of  the  Mediterranean  Ports  recourse  was  had  to  these 
limes. 

We  would  mention  Algiers,  Port  Said  on  the  Suez  Canal,  and 
the  Port  of  Trieste. 

(Signed)  Pascal. 

Maeseilles,         Nov.,  1872. 

4.  I,  the  undersigned,  Engineer  in  Ordinary  of  Bridges  and 
Highways,  in  charge  of  the  Works  of  the  Second  Maritime  Divis- 
ion of  the  Bouches-du-Ehone,  certify  that  the  firm  of  Mathieu  Cou- 
turier (now  SouUier  &  Brunot),  lessee  of  the  Hydraulic  Lime 
Quarry  of  "  Detroit,''  situated  in  the  Commune  of  Teil  (Ardeche) 
and  belonging  to  that  Commune,  has  been  allowed  since  the  year 
1858,  simultaneously  with  MM.  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  to  furnish  the 
Teil  hydraulic  limes  required  for  the  Maritime  Works  of  the  Bou- 
ches  du  Phone  and  that  it  has  since  that  date  received  the  adjudi- 
cation of  seven  contracts  for  the  Second  Division  as  follows  : 


Dec.  22,  1859.  Construction  of  Draw-Bridge  at 

Martigues   1,400  Tons. 

Sep.  29,  1864.  Construction  Graving  Docks,  Port 

of  Marseilles   6,500 

Aug.  14,  1866.  Completion  of  Sewers  of  Plombieres 

and  Aygalades,  Pt.  of  Marseilles...  180 
Oct.  24,  1868.  Construction   Graving  Docks,  Port 

of  Marseilles   2,200 

Jan.  18,  1869.  Construction   Graving  Docks,  Port 

of  Marseilles   882^  " 

Aug.  9,  1870.  Construction  Graving  Docks,  Port 

of  Marseilles   1,550 

Aug  9,  1870.  Construction  Second  Draw  Bridge  on 

the  Joliette  Traverse   200  " 


12,912|  Tons. 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


63 


I  certify,  moreover,  that  the  firm  Mathieu  Couturier  always  ful- 
filled to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Administration  the  obligations  in- 
curred by  its  contracts. 

(Signed)  Denaniel. 

Marseilles,  July  23,  1872. 

Countersigned  by  the  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Maritime  Works, 

(Signed)  Pascal. 

Marseilles,  July  21  th,  1872. 

5.  I,  the  undersigned,  Ingenieur  Ordinaire  des  Fonts  et  Chaus- 
sees,  in  charge  of  the  Works  of  the  First  Maritime  Division  of  the 
Bouches-du-Ehone,  certify  that  the  Association  formerly  known 
under  the  firm  name  of  Couturier,  SouUier  &  Co.,  and  at  present 
as  SouUier  &  Brunot,  which  Association  is  lessee  of  the  Hydraulic 
Lime  Quarry  of  "  Detroit,"  situated  on  the  Commune  of  Teil  (Ar- 
deche),  and  belonging  to  that  Commune  (the  said  Association  being 
represented  successively  before  the  Administration  by  M.  Couturier 
and  M.  SouUier),  has  been  allowed  since  the  year  1858,  simulta- 
neously with  Messrs.  Favin  de  Lafarge,  to  furnish  the  Teil  Hy- 
draulic Limes  required  for  the  Maritime  Works  of  the  Bouches-du- 
Fhone,  and  that  the  said  Association  has,  since  the  said  date,  fur- 
nished a  series  of  the  said  limes,  destined  for  the  works  of  the 
above-named  First  Division,  of  which  the  dates,  objects,  and  quan- 
tities are  enumerated  as  follows  : 

Adjudication,  15th  July,  1858.    Completion  of  the  Belt  Sewer  of 


the  Fort  of  Marseilles   1200  Tons. 

Adjudication,  13th  Sept.,  1859.    Improvement  of  the 

Quays  of  the  Joliette  Basin,  Marseilles   350  " 

Adjudication,  9th  July,  1861.    Construction  of  the 

Quay  Walls,  Napoleon  Basin,  Marseilles   2450  " 

Adjudication,  17th  June,  1862.  Fabrication  of  Arti- 
ficial Blocks.  Completion  of  Napoleon  Basin 
Jetty   4500 

Adjudication,  12th  May,  1864.  Fabrication  of  Arti- 
ficial Blocks  for  Jetties  of  Imperial  Basin   9700  " 


64 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  IIME  OF  TEIL. 


From  1868  to  1871  various  works  at  Port  Ciotat  (re- 
charging the  seaward  slope  of  the  prolongation  of 
the  New  Mole  with  artificial  blocks.  Underpin- 
ning repairs  of  quay  wall  of  Old  Mole,  and  of 
quay  wall  of  the  prolongation  of  New  Mole.  Ee- 
construction  of  part  of  quay  wall  of  Old  Mole ; 
construction  of  a  shelter  for  fishing  boats  in  the 
Meadow  Cove)   210  Tons. 

Adjudication  of  October  25,  1871  (approved  by  Minis- 
terial decision  the  following  27th  December),  re- 
charging the  seaward  slope  of  the  prolongation 
of  the  New  Mole  with  artificial  blocks   175  " 

18,585  Tons. 

I  certify,  moreover,  that  MM.  Couturier  &  Soullier  have  al- 
ways fulfilled,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Administration,  the  obliga- 
tions they  had  incurred  towards  it  by  undertaking  to  supply  the 
above  materials. 

(Signed)  Andre. 

Mabseilles,  24  July  J  1872. 

Countersigned  by  the  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Maritime  Works, 

(Signed)  Pascal. 

Marseilles,  July^  1872. 
Port  Said.   Suez  Canal. 

Compagnie  Universelle  ) 
du  \ 
Canal  Maritime  de  Sufz.  ) 

I,  the  undersigned,  certify  that  the  artificial  blocks  with  which 
the  great  Jetties  of  Port  Said  were  constructed,  from  1865  to  1868^ 
by  MM.  Dussaud  Bros.,  Contractors,  under  the  superintendence 
and  inspection  of  the  engineers  of  the  Company,  were  made  with 
the  hydraulic  lime  of  Teil  of  MM.  L.  &  E.  Pavin  de  Lafarge, 
and  that  with  regard  to  quality,  homogeneity,  hardness,  etc.,  etc., 
this  lime  has  always  given  excellent  results. 

I  certify,  moreover,  that  during  the  three  years  of  the  construe- 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


65 


tion  of  these  works,  the  establishment  of  Lafarge  fnrnished  for 
them  alone  upwards  of  eighty  thousand  tons  of  lime. 

For  the  President, 

(Signed)      Ch.  A.  De  Lesseps. 

Paeis,  11th  January^  1873. 

Port  of  Toulon.    (Mediteehaneak  Sea.) 

1.  I  certify  that  since  more  than  20  years  that  Teil 
hydraulic  lime  has  been  used  in  the  works  of  the  port  of 
Tonlon,  this  lime  has  always  given  excellent  results  in  sea- 
water  as  well  as  in  fresh  water  or  exposed  to  the  air,  and 
for  coating  masonry ;  that  no  alterations  have  ever  been  ob- 
served in  the  mortars  made  with  this  lime  and  used  in  sea- 
water  ;  that  in  the  works  executed  by  the  Navy  at  Port  Vendres, 
blocks  of  masonry  with  Teil  lime  have  been  constructed,  and  that 
these  blocks  employed  in  the  revetment  of  the  mole  have  resisted 
perfectly  both  the  shock  of  the  waves  and  the  chemical  action  of 
salt  water. 

The  Engineer-in  Chief  of  the  Ponts  et  Chaussees,  Director  of 
the  Hydraulic  Works  of  the  Navy, 

(Signed)  Noel. 

Toulon,  lO^A  Feb.,  1855. 

2.  The  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the  Ponts  et  Chaussees,  Director  of 
the  Hydraulic  Works  of  the  Navy,  certifies  that,  during  the  last 
12  years,  the  hydraulic  lime  of  Teil  of  MM.  Pavin  de  Lafarge  has 
been  almost  exclusively  employed  at  the  Port  of  Toulon  for  all 
marine  structures,  and  particularly  in  the  fabrication  of  153,000 
cubic  metres  of  concrete  for  the  three  graving  docks  of  Castigneau, 
and  that  it  has  always  given  good  results  and  a  notable  economy 
over  the  use  of  pozzuolana. 

The  lime  of  Teil  is  also  usually  employed  for  the  coating  and 
the  cornices  of  masonry,  and  behaves  very  well  exposed  to  air. 
The  result  of  a  visit,  which  he  has  made  recently,  show?  that  the 
blocks  of  the  Port  Vendres  Jetty,  made  of  Teil  mortar,  have 
resisted  the  action  of  the  sea  perfectly,  and  that  no  perceptible 


66 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


alteration  has  been  noticed  in  the  works  executed  with  Teil  limo 
during  the  last  25  years  at  Toulon. 

(Signed)  Raoul. 

Toulon,  Sd  Jan,^  1867. 

Port  of  Cette.    (Mediteeeanean  Sea.) 

1.  The  undersigned,  Engineer-in-Ordinary  of  the  Fonts  et 
Chaussees,  certifies  that  the  lime  of  Teil  (Ardeche)  is  the  only 
lime  employed  for  the  maritime  works  of  the  Port  of  Cette  since 
1852 ;  the  works  constructed  since  that  date  show  great  hardness, 
and  not  the  slightest  trace  of  decomposition. 

(Signed)  Salva. 

Cette,  \Wi  Jayi,,  1867. 

2.  The  undersigned.  Engineer  of  the  Fonts  et  Chaussees,  certifies 
that  the  lime  of  Teil  derived  from  the  estabHshment  of  MM. 
Couturier,  Soulher  &  Co.,  has  been  employed  in  1864  and  1865  for 
the  fabrication  of  artificial  blocks  of  beton,  and  for  the  submerged 
concrete  of  the  foundations  of  the  quays  which  were  reconstructed 
ia  the  Canal  of  Cette,  and  that  it  has  given  good  results. 

(Signed)  Salva. 

Cette,  ^tJi  April^  1867. 

Port  Vendres.   (Mediteeeanean  Sea.) 

I,  the  undersigned,  Alfred  Fasqueau,  Engineer  of  the  Fonts  et 
Chaussees,  attached  to  the  ordinary  service  of  the  Department  of 
Fyre'nees  Orientales,  and  to  the  special  service  of  the  Fort  and 
Eailroad  of  Fort  Vendres,  certify  that  the  artificial  blocks  of  ma- 
sonry made  since  1844  with  Teil-Lafarge  hydraulic  lime,  for  the 
construction  and  preservation  of  the  mole  of  Fort  Vendres,  are  in  a 
state  of  perfect  preservation,  and  do  not  show  any  trace  of  disinte- 
gration. I  certify,  moreover,  that  the  same  lime  has  been  almost 
exclusively  employed  in  our  service  for  the  construction  of  masonry 
works  of  the  Fort  Vendres  Eailroad,  and  of  the  Imperial  Roads, 
and  that  it  has  always  given  excellent  results,  with  regard  to 
quickness  in  setting  as  well  as  to  strength  of  the  mortars  made. 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


67 


In  belief  of  which  I  have  written  this  certificate,  to  give  value 
where  it  is  due. 

The  Engineer  in  Ordinary, 

( Signed)  Pasque  atj. 

Peepignan,  l^th  January^  1867. 

Port  of  Saint  Malo.    (British  Channel.) 

The  undersigned,  Engineer-in-Chief,  certifies  that  the  mortars 
made  of  Teil  lime  and  sea  sand,  used  in  the  blocks  of  masonry, 
and  immersed  in  the  sea  during  8  years  at  Saint  Malo,  are  to-day 
very  hard  and  in  perfect  preservation. 

In  belief  of  which  this  certificate  has  been  delivered  to  M.  de 
Lustrac. 

The  Engineer-in-Chief, 
(Signed)  Bellinger. 
Saint  Malo,  30^^/^  August,  1862. 

Pointe-de-Graye.    (Bay  or  Biscay,  Atlantic  Ocean.) 

The  undersigned.  Engineer  in  Ordinary,  in  charge  of  the  defen- 
sive works  of  the  Pointe-de-Grave,  Department  of  the  Girande,  cer- 
tifies as  follows : 

He  had  constructed  during  the  month  of  March,  1860,  five 
blocks,  each  9  cubic  metres  in  volume  ;  three  were  made  of  ordinary 
masonry  and  two  of  beton,  composed  of  three  volumes  of  mortar 
to  five  of  pebbles.  The  mortar  used  contained  4  kilogrammes  of 
Teil  lime  furnished  by  M.  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  to  10  litres  of  sand. 

These  blocks  were  immersed  on  the  Eastern  slope  of  the  Pointe- 
de-Grave  jetty,  at  the  end  of  the  month  of  May,  1860  ;  a  scouring 
of  the  bed  of  the  sea,  which  occurred  on  the  13th  November,  1864, 
having  caused  them  to  disappear  in  the  sea,  where  they  were  cov- 
ered by  other  blocks,  it  is  no  longer  possible  to  verify  the  state  of 
preservation  in  which  they  aro  at  present. 

Previous  to  the  13th  November,  1864,  these  five  blocks,  w^hich 
had  been  on  several  occasions  minutely  examined,  did  not  show  any 
trace  of  decomposition. 


68 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


In  belief  of  which  the  undersigned  delivers  this  certificate  to  M, 
Pavin  de  Lafarge,  for  him  to  use  as  he  shall  see  fit. 

(Signed)  Eobaglia. 
BoBDEATJX,  22(?  January^  1867. 

Port  of  Saint- Jean-de-Luz.    (Bay  of  Biscay,  Atlantic  Ocean.) 

I,  the  undersigned,  Engineer-in- Chief  of  the  Fonts  et  Chaus- 
sees,  in  charge  of  the  service  of  the  maritime  virorks  of  the  Basses- 
Pyrenees  and  the  Landes,  certify  that  the  mortar  brick  de- 
livered to  M.  de  Lustrac,  agent  of  MM.  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  manu- 
facturers of  Teil  lime,  to  be  sent  to  the  exhibition,  was  made  on  the 
15th  April,  1865,  of  a  mixture  of  three  parts  in  volume  of  sand  to 
one  part  of  Teil  lime,  derived  from  the  establishment  of  MM. 
Pavin  de  Lafarge,  and  mixed  with  fresh  water  ;  that  it  was  depos- 
ited on  the  12th  May,  1865,  in  the  experimental  bath  of  the  Tour 
des  Signaux,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Adour  river,  filled  with  sea-water 
renewed  every  eight  days,  and  that  it  remained  constantly  immersed 
until  this  day. 

I  certify,  moreover,  that  since  1865,  Teil  lime  has  been  employed 
in  the  fabrication  of  small  artificial  blocks  for  the  Sacoa  break- 
water, at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Saint-Jean-de-Luz,  the  actual 
state  of  which  blocks  cannot  be  ascertained,  as  they  were  used  in 
the  foundations  and  mixed  with  natural  blocks  and  large  artificial 
blocks  of  Portland  cement  mortar. 

The  Engineer-in-Chief  of  Maritime  Works, 

(Signed)  Daguenet. 

Bayonne,  2c?  January^  1867. 

Port  of  Barcelona  (Mediterranean  Sea.) 

1.  D.  Jose  Kafo,  Inspector  generale  de  segunda  clase  del  Cuerpo 
de  Ingenieros  de  Caminos,  Canales  y  Puertos,  Caballero  de  la 
Eeal  y  distinguida  orden  de  Carlos  Tercero,  etc. 

Certifico  :  Que  como  director  que  he  sido  de  la  obras  del  Puerto 
de  Barcelona,  he  empleado  para  la  confeccion  de  los  sillares  artifi- 
ciales  de  hormigon  hidraulico  de  muelle  de  la  muralla  de  mar,  la 


\^ 

APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL:;^  fiSi 

•cal  liidraulica  de  Teil  del  establecimiento  de  MM.  L.  et  E.:^Pav^n  d^^ 
Lafarge  cuyo  material  ha  correspondido  perfectamente  al  oHjefo  a 
•que  se  destiuo,  dando  resultados  sumamente  satisfactorios. 

Y  para  que  conste  asi  donde  eonvenga,  espido  este  documento  a 
petieion  del  interesado,  en  Barcelona  a  quince  de  noviembre  de  mil 
•ochocientos  sesenta  y  seis. 

(Signed)  Jose  Rafo. 

Baecelone  Ibth  JVov.j  1866. 

2.  Don  Mauricio  Garrau,  Comendador  de  la  Eeal  distinguida 
orden  de  Isabel  la  Catolica,  Ingeniero  jefe  del  cuerpo  de  caminos, 
canales  y  puertos.    Jefe  de  la  provincia  de  Barcelona,  etc. 

Certifico :  que  se  ha  marcado  con  el  sello  de  la  oficina  de  obras 
publicas  de  esta  provincia,  una  muestra  de  hormigon,  cortada  de 
uno  de  los  bloques  construidos  por  los  SS.  Delsol  y  Martin  para  las 
obras  del  puerto  de  Barcelona,  que  se  hallan  baso  me  direccion,  y 
cuyo  bloque  fue  construido  el  dia  6  de  octubre  de  1863  y  sumer- 
gido  en  el  mar  en  abril  de  1864,  en  donde  ha  permanecido  hasta  el 
presente. 

El  hormigon,  que  le  constituye,  esta  compuesto  en  volumenes 
iguales :  de  una  parte  de  cal  hidraulica  de  Teil  y  dos  de  arena  de 
mar  para  formar  la  mezcla  o  mortero  hidraulico ;  y  tres  partes  de 
este  con  cinco  de  piedra  machacada,  para  construir  el  hormigon. 

Y  para  que  conste,  y  a  petieion  de  los  SS.  Delsol  y  Martin  expido 
la  presente  en  Barcelona  a  trece  de  marzo  de  mil  ochocientos  sesenta 
y  siete. 

(Signed)  Maueicio  Gaerau. 

Port  of  Algiers.    (Mediteeeanean  Sea). 

The  undersigned,  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the  Fonts  et  Chaussees, 
<?ertifies  that  the  lime  of  Teil,  derived  from  the  quarries  of  MM. 
Pavin  de  Lafarge,  has  been  employed  since  1852  in  the  hydraulic 
works  of  the  Port  of  Algiers. 

Mixed  ^  with  sea-sand,  it  has  been  used  in  the  fabrication  of 
mortars  for  concrete  immediately  immersed,  and  for  artificial  blocks 
immersed  after  a  previous  drying  in  air  of  from  two  to  two  and  a 


70 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


half  months,  according  to  the  season,  and  the  method  of  use  by  sea 
and  by  land.  The  mortars  thus  made  have  acquired  very  great 
hardness,  and  to-day  they  do  not  show  any  trace  of  alteration  or 
decomposition  by  the  shock  of  the  waves  or  by  the  chemical  action 
of  sea-water. 

The  Engineer-in-Chief  certifies,  moreover,  that  Teil  lime  has 
been  employed  successfully  in  the  works  in  the  sea,  and  that  it  is 
very  hydraulic,  very  active  and  quick,  and  very  homogeneous. 

J.  DE  Serey. 

Algiers,  1th  March^  1867. 

Port  of  Oran.    (Mediterranean  Sea.) 

I,  the  undersigned,  Engineer-in-Ordinary  of  the  Fonts  et  Chaus- 
sees,  in  charge  of  the  hydraulic  works  of  the  Port  of  Oran,  certify, 
that  the  piece  of  concrete  delivered  to  the  firm  Pavin  de  Lafarge 
du  Teil  (Ardeche),  was  taken  in  February,  1861,  from  an  artificial 
block  of  15  cubic  metres,  immersed  in  the  jetties  of  the  Port  of 
Oran  in  1853,  after  a  sojourn  of  13  years  in  the  sea ;  that  the  con- 
crete was  composed  of  one  part  of  mortar  and  two  parts  of  broken 
stone,  and  the  mortar  was  composed  of  350  kilogrammes  of  ^eil 
lime,  derived  from  the  establishment  of  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  to  one 
cubic  metre  of  sand. 

F.  EOBIN. 

Oran,  8^A  February^  1867. 
(Countersigned.) 

The  Engineer-in-Chief, 

ArcouR. 

Port  of  Philippe ville.    (Mediterranean  Sea.) 

The  undersigned.  Engineer  of  the  Fonts  et  Chaussees,  certifies 
that  the  fragment  of  block  attached  to  this  certificate  was  made  on 
the  22d  March,  1862,  and  immersed  on  the  15th  October,  1863,  on 
the  interior  of  the  small  enclosed  basin  of  the  Fort  of  Fhilippeville. 

The  beton  composing  this  sample  is  composed  of  two  volumes  of 
broken  stone  and  one  volume  of  ^mortar ;  the  mortar  itself  contains 


APPENDIX — HYDEAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


71 


per  cubic  metre  of  sand,  370  kilogrammes  of  Teil  lime  sold  by  the 
firm  of  Pavin  de  Lafarge ;  the  lime  is  delivered  at  Philippeville, 
screened  in  powder,  and  enclosed  in  sacks. 

Besides  its  well-known  qualities,  the  lime  of  MM.  Pavin  de 
Lafarge  is  distinguished  by  an  absolute  homogeneity. 
Certified  by  the  Engineers  in  charge  of  the  Works. 
For  the  Engineer-in-Chief,  De  Lannoy,  Absent, 

The  Engineer-in-Ordinary, 
(Signed)  Gay. 

CoNSTANTiNE,  28^A  t7a/^.,  1867. 

Port  of  Ajaccio.    (Mediterranean  Sea,  Corsica.) 

I,  the  undersigned,  Ingenieur  Ordinaire  des  Ponts  et  Chausse'es, 
certify  that  the  blocks  of  concrete  numbered  consecutively  from  1 
to  10,  are  derived  from  the  end  of  the  Margonojo  jetty  (Port  of 
Ajaccio),  executed  in  1861  by  myself,  under  the  direction  of  M. 
Yogin,  Chief-Engineer  of  the  Department. 

The  concrete  consisted  of  three  parts  of  broken  stone  and  two 
parts  of  hydraulic  mortar ;  the  mortar  consisted  of  8  parts  of  sand 
to  5  of  hydraulic  lime  from  the  quarries  of  Teil  (Ardeche),  belong- 
ing to  MM.  Pavin  de  Lafarge. 

Tlie  blocks  in  question  formed  part  of  the  foundation  of  the  jet- 
ty ;  they  were  taken  from  about  10  centimetres  below  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

I  certify,  moreover,  to  having  employed  Teil  hydraulic  lime  (quar- 
ries of  MM.  de  Lafarge)  in  various  works  in  the  sea,  and  I  declare 
that  the  mortars  and  concretes  manufactured  with  this  lime  have 
until  now  resisted  perfectly  and  have  given  excellent  results. 

(Signed)  Koziarowicz. 

Ajaccio,  11th  Feb.,  1867. 

Port  of  Bastia.    (Mediterranean  Sea,  Corsica.) 

1.  The  block  of  concrete  which  is  to  figure  in  the  Exhibition  of 
1867,  and  which  bears  a  ticket  giving  the  number  of  the  present 


72 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


certificate,  was  obtained  from  one  of  the  artificial  blocks  of  the 
revetment  of  the  ancient  jetty  of  the  Mole  Genois. 

This  artificial  block,  of  which  the  upper  surface  is  0.60  metre 
below  the  level  of  low  tide,  was  made  and  submerged  in  1852,  at 
which  time  the  works  were  directed  at  Ajaccio  by  M.  Hernoux, 
Engineer-in-Chief,  and  at  Bastia  by  M.  Vogin,  then  Engineer-in- 
Ordinary  of  the  Northeast  Division,  and  at  present  Engineer-in- 
Chief  of  the  Department.  The  concrete  in  question  consisted  of  2 
parts  of  broken  stone  and  one  part  of  hydraulic  mortar  ;  the  mor- 
tar was  composed  of  0.90  in  volume  of  sand  to  0.62  in  volume  of 
lime  manufactured  at  Bastia  with  Teil  limestone.  A  large  num- 
ber of  concrete  foundations  and  artificial  blocks  of  concrete  have 
been  made  at  Bastia  with  Teil  lime  from  the  firm  of  Pavin  de  La- 
farge.  These  concretes  have  until  now  resisted  successfully  the  ac- 
tion of  the  sea ;  the  sample  to  which  the  present  certificate  refers 
was  chosen  as  belonging  to  one  of  the  oldest  blocks  ;  the  operations 
were  under  the  supervision  of  M.  Bonavia,  Chief  Conductor  in  the 
Ponts  et  Chaussees. 

Certified  as  correct  by  the  undersigned  Ingenieur  Ordinaire, 

(Signed)  Doniol. 

Bastia,  mii  Jan.,  1867. 

2.  I,  the  undersigned,  Ingenieur  Ordinaire  of  the  Ponts  et  Chaus- 
feees  resident  at  Bastia  (Corsica),  certify  that  the  hydraulic  lime 
from  the  Detroit  quarries  situated  in  the  Commune  of  Teil  (Ar- 
deche)  and  worked  by  MM.  Couturier,  Soullier  &  Co.,  is  designated 
in  the  specifications  of  the  department  for  works  in  the  sea  simul- 
taneously with  the  lime  derived  from  the  Teil  quarries  of  MM.  Pa- 
vin de  Lafarge.  I  certify,  moreover,  that  the  lime  of  MM.  Coutu- 
rier, Soullier  &  Co.,  is  employed  actually  for  the  South  Quay  of  the 
Port  of  Bastia,  where  until  now  it  has  given  good  results. 

(Signed)  Doniol. 

Bastia,  1th  March,  1867. 

Countersigned  and  approved  by  the  undersigned  Chief  Engineer. 

(Signed)  Vogin. 

Ajaccio,  Wth  March,  1867. 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


73 


Port  of  Isle-RoilSSe.    (Mediteeeanean  Sea,  Corsica.) 

The  Mayor  of  the  town  of  Isle-Eoiisse,  Department  of  Corsica, 
certifies  that  the  fragment  of  a  block,  sent  to-day  as  a  sample  by 
M.  Padorami  of  this  town,  to  the  firm  of  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  at 
Marseilles,  has  been  detached  from  a  huge  block  immersed  in  the 
sea  in  1852  during  the  construction  of  the  works  of  this  port,  con- 
sisting of  pebbles  mixed  with  sand  and  hydraulic  lime  under  the 
superintendence  of  M.  Lacroix,  Ingenieur-en-Chef  des  Ponts  et 
Chaussees,  and  M.  Lesguittier,  Ingenieur- Ordinaire.  In  belief  of 
which  he  has  delivered  the  present  certificate. 

The  Mayor, 

PiCCIONI. 

Isle-Eousse,        Feb,^  1867. 

Port  of  La  Spezzia.    (Mediterranean  Sea.  Italy.) 

1.  Genio  Militare. 

Derezione  di  Spezia  Marina. 
Arsenale  Militare  Marittimo  di  Spezzia. 
II  sotto  scritto  in  seguito  a  richista  delli  Signori  Pavin  Lafarge, 
fabbricanti  di  calce  idraulica  del  Teil  (Ardeche)  dichiara  che  nei 
diversi  lavori  idraulici  di  questo  arsenale  marittimo  venne  impie- 
gata  al  giorno  d'oggi  una  quantita  di  circa  tonnellate  3,000  di  detta 
€alce  del  Teil  e  che  y  risultati  ottenuti  riescirono  sempre  pienamente 
soddisfacenti. 

Tanto  attesta  il  sotto  scritto  per  la  pura  verita. 

Tl  Maggiore  Generale  Direttore, 

(Signed)  Chiodo. 

Spezia,  il  7  Fehbrajo^  1867. 

2.  Servizio  del  Genio  Militare. 

Arsenale  Militare  Marittimo  di  Spezzia. 
Nei  lavori  di  costruzione  di  questo  arsenale  militare  Marittimo  di 
Spezia  si  consumaiono  nello  spazio  di  un'  anno  4,000  Tonnellate  di 
calce  idraulica  del  Teil  (Ardeche)  proveniente  dalla  fabrica  dei 
Signori  Pavin  de  Lafarge  et  Couturier,  Soullier  &  Co.,  la  quale 


74 


APPENDIX — HYDKAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


deide  ottimi  risultati  in  ogni  genere  di  costruzione  sia  quando 
venne  impiegata  nella  formazione  all'  as  ciutto  dei  muri  dell  Dar- 
sene  in  cui  dopo  pochi  giorni  venne  introdotto  1  'aequa  nel  qual 
lavoro  si  pote  osservare  prima  una  repentina  presa  si  detta  calci 
fuori  acqua  e  poscia  una  resistenza  assoluta  al  constatto  delle  acqua, 
sia  quando  fu  adoperata  per  la  formazione  di  ealcestruzzo  versato 
nel  mare  e  di  massi  artificiali  eseguiti  fuori  acqua  nei  quali  si 
verifico  dopo  poco  tempo  un  solido  indurimento  resistente  a  forti 
pressioni  senza  cedimento  o  sgranaraento. 

Percio  questa  Direzione  del  Genio  Militare  si  erede  in  obligo  di 
manifestare  a  codesti  Signori  Provveditori  la  sua  plena  soddis- 
fazione  sulla  buena  qualita  ed  ottini  risultati  dati  dalla  sopradetta 
ealce  e  sul  perfetto  confezionamento  in  cui  essa  arrive  finora  in 
questo  porto. 

II  Maggiore  Gene'rale  Direttore, 

(Signed)  Chiodo. 

Spezzia,  2  Apr  He,  1867. 

City  of  Tunis,    (Mediteeeanean  Sea.) 
Praises  be  to  the  One  God. 

The  general  of  brigade,  Mohammed,  chief  of  the  municipality  of 
Tunis,  who  has  affixed  his  seal  to  the  foot  of  these  presents,  certi- 
fies at  the  request  of  MM.  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  manufacturers  of 
hydraulic  lime,  to  having  had  extracted  from  cisterns  constructed 
in  1863,  with  the  hydraulic  lime  of  this  manufacture,  a  block  of 
concrete,  which  bears  as  a  stamp  the  seal  of  the  Consulate  General 
of  France  at  Tunis. 

He  declares,  moreover,  that  the  composition  of  this  concrete  is 
350  kilogrammes  of  hydraulic  lime  to  each  cubic  metre  of  sand. 
Written  the  13th  of  Ohoual,  1283. 

The  Chief  of  the  Municipality  of  Tunis, 

(Signed)  Kava  Mohammed. 

\lth  February,  1867. 


APPENDIX — HYDR  VULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


75 


City  of  Odessa.    (Black  Sea,  Eussia.) 

The  Paving  Committee  of  the  City  of  0  less  a  has  given  this  cer- 
tificate to  MM.  Pavin  de  Lafarge,  manufacturers  of  hydraulic  lime  in 
the  village  of  Teil  (France),  and  furnishers  of  this  lime  for  the  gran- 
ite pavement  of  Odessa,  to  certify  that  the  sample  of  pavement  de- 
livered to  them  was  taken  out  on  the  8th  inst.  from  the  pavement 
of  the  military  causeway,  put  down  in  1863.  The  model  is  one 
archine  in  length,  and  over  one-half  an  archine  in  breadth  ;  it  con- 
sists of  ten  stones  each  of  seven  inches,  and  is  sealed  at  the  four 
corners  with  the  seal  of  the  President  of  the  Committee.  The  pres- 
ent certificate  is  certified  to  by  the  signature  of  the  President  of 
the  Committee,  the  counter  signature  of  the  Secretary,  and  stamped 
with  the  same  seal  as  the  pavement  model. 

The  President  of  the  Committee,  Actually  Councillor  of  State, 
(Signed)  Andbiesski. 

The  Secretary, 
(Signed)  Fialkovski    [l.  s]. 

Odessa,  23(?  Feb.,  1867. 

Proyince  of  Constantine.  (Algeria.) 

AVe,  the  undersigned,  Ingenieur  en  Chef  des  Ponts  e  t  Chaussees, 
of  the  Constantine  Division,  declare  that  we  have  employed  the  hy- 
draulic lime  of  Teil,  from  the  kilns  of  MM.  Pavin  de  Lafarge  for  a 
great  number  of  various  kinds  of  works,  in  fresh  water  as  well  as 
in  the  sea,  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  that  we  have 
observed  in  this  lime  all  the  qualities  of  an  eminently  hydraulic 
lime  of  the  first  order.  Not  only  have  the  mortars  made  with  this 
lime  acquired  in  a  short  time  a  very  great  hardness,  but  they  do 
not  appear  to  be  susceptible  to  decomposition  by  the  sea-water  of 
the  Mediterranean.  Employed  in  air,  Teil  mortars  are  susceptible 
of  forming  masonry  of  much  greater  strength  than  common  mason- 
ry, and  we  have  observed  that  in  the  bridge  of  El-Kantara  during 
the  trial  loads  made  in  1864,  the  piers  of  this  bridge,  built  of 
limestone  and  Teil  lime,  supported  during  48  hours  without  dam- 
age a  pressure  of  18  kilogrammes  per  square  centimetre. 


76 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


We  would  add  that  during  great  heats,  many  limes  are  of  diffi- 
cult use,  and  the  mortars  made  with  them  are  subject  to  rapid  al- 
teration. Now  we  have  observed  that  the  masonry  of  the  El- 
Kantara  Bridge  acquired  in  a  short  time  very  great  solidity, 
although  during  the  execution  of  the  works  the  solar  heat  was 
frequently  as  high  as  50  to  57°  C. 

(Signed)  De  Lannoy. 

CoNSTANTiNE,  21th  April,  1866. 

Canal  of  Forez.    (Fhance,  Dept.  of  the  Loire.) 

The  undersigned,  Ingenieur  Ordinaire  des  Fonts  et  Chaussees, 
certifies  that  MM.  Couturier,  SouUier  &  Co.,  manufacturers  of  lime 
of  Toil  (Ardeche),  have  furnished  in  1866  two  thousand  and  sixty- 
three  tons  (2,063  tons)  of  screened  lime  for  the  first  division  of 
the  Forez  Canal,  and  that  from  the  experiments  daily  made  in  the 
workshops  the  Toil  lime  of  the  above  named  manufacturers  is  as 
eminently  hydraulic  as  that  of  the  Lafarge  Works,  which  was 
used  at  the  same  time  in  the  same  works. 

(Signed)  FEUESTEm. 

St.  Etienne,  80th  March,  1867. 

Mont  Cenis  Tunnel. 

The  undersigned.  Engineer  of  Bridges  and  Highways,  attached 
to  the  Construction  of  Eailroads  of  the  Faris-Lyons-Mediterranean 
Co.,  certifies  having  made  frequent  use  of  Toil  hydraulic  lime  (Ar- 
deche) in  the  works  under  his  direction,  and  having  always  ob- 
tained excellent  results,  as  well  in  works  under  water  as  in  tun- 
nels and  other  works. 

In  the  St.  Michel  Section,  especially  in  the  Mont  Cenis  Tunnel 
(13  miles),  this  lime  was  used  to  the  extent  of  upwards  of  5,000 
tons,  notwithstanding  the  distance  from  the  kilns,  and  the  increase 
of  cost  due  to  transportation.  It  rendered  services  which  were 
highly  appreciated  in  all  works  which  required  exceptional  hydrau- 
lic qualities. 

The  Engineer  of  the  F.  L.  M.  E.  E.  Co., 

(Signed)  F.  Moris. 

Chambeey,  9th  Nov,,  1872. 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


77 


Railroads. 

1.  Lyons  &  Mediterranean  Railroad. 

I  certify  that  I  have  frequently  used  since  a  long  time  the  hy- 
draulic lime  of  Teil  in  the  works  of  all  kinds  which  I  have  had 
executed  in  the  south  of  France,  and  always  with  uniform  success. 

The  activity  of  these  limes,  their  homogeneity,  and  the  uniform- 
ity of  the  results  which  they  give,  are  admitted  without  question 
by  all  the  engineers  of  the  South. 

The  use  of  the  methods  of  crushing  and  screening,  first  put  in 
practice  by  M.  de  Villeneuve,  add  still  more  to  its  qualities,  and 
contribute  in  placing  to-day  the  lime  of  Teil  at  the  head  of  all  the 
hydraulic  limes  of  France. 

The  Ingenieur-en-Chef  des  Fonts  et  Ohaussees,  Director  of 
the  Faris-Mediterranean  F.  E.  Co., 

(Signed)  Faulin  Talabot. 

Faeis,  12th  March,  1855. 

2.  Southern  Railroad, 

The  undersigned.  Engineer  of  the  Southern  Failroad  Co.,  certi- 
fies that  the  contractors  of  the  Bridges  of  Finsaguel,  on  the  Ga- 
ronne river,  and  of  Saverdun,  on  the  Ariege  river  (St.  Simon  & 
Foix  Eailroad),  as  well  as  of  the  Castelnaudary  Tunnel  (Castel- 
naudary  &  Castres  Eailroad),  have  employed  in  the  construction  of 
a  large  portion  of  these  works,  the  Teil  hydraulic  lime,  derived 
from  the  establishment  of  MM.  Couturier. 

He  certifies  moreover  that  the  use  of  this  lime  has  given  excel- 
lent results. 

(Signed)  Guillaume. 

Castees,  2%th  July,  1864. 

Countersigned. 

The  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Castres  Division, 

(Signed)  A.  Alby. 

Castees,  Vlth  Oct.,  1864. 


78 


APPENDIX — HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL. 


3.  Paris-LyonS'Mediterrcmean  Bailroad. 

The  undersigned,  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Paris-Lyons- Mediter- 
ranean E.  R.  Co.,  at  Marseilles,  certifies  that  since  the  27th  Feb., 
1855,  at  which  time  he  gave  a  certificate  stating  the  good  results 
obtained  by  him  in  the  use  of  the  hydraulic  limes  of  the  establish- 
ment of  MM,  L.  and  E.  Pavin  deLafarge  at  Teil  (Arde3he),  he  has 
constantly  used  the  lime  of  MM.  de  Lafarge,  in  the  works  of  the 
Paris-Lyons-Mediterranean  E.E.  Co.,  as  well  as  in  the  construc- 
tions of  the  Marseilles  Docks  and  Warehouse  Co.,  for  the  parts  of 
said  works  most  subjected  to  humidity  or  strains,  and  that  he  has 
never  ceased  to  obtain  perfectly  satisfactory  results. 

(Signed)  J.  Desplaces. 

Marseilles,  1th  March^  1867. 


Plan 


SeetioTZ 


H.  CHAMPIN  &  GILLET, 

IMPORTEES  OF 

French  Bessemer  Steel  Rails, 

OLD  AND  NEW  IRON  RAILS. 


SOLE  AGENTS  AND  REPRESENTATIVES  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 


MM.  L.  &  E.  PAYIN  DE  LAFARGE 
AND  MM.  SOULLIER  &  BRUNOT, 

THE  ONLY  PEOPBIETOES  OF  THE 

HYDRAULIC  LIME  OF  TEIL, 

F,  0.  Box  S012.  NEW  YORK. 


1=^  E  :e=>  O  IFl.  T 

ON 

BfiTON-COIGNET, 

ITS  FABHICATION  AITD  USES: 

CONSTRUCTION 

OF 

Sewers,  Water-Pipes,  Tanks,  Foundations,  Walls,  Arches, 
Buildings,  Floors,  Terraces,  Marine 
Experiments,  etc. 

BY 

LEONARD   F.  BECKWITH, 

CIVIL  ENGINEER. 
1  Vol.,  8vo,  Cloth,        .        .        «        -        -  $2.00 

D.  VAN  NOSTRAND,  Publisher, 

23  Murray  and  27  Warren  Street. 


"^'-jf^.CJopies  sent  free  by  mail  on  receipt  of  price. 


SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 

f 

PUBLISHED  BY 

D.  Yan  Nosteand, 

23  Murray  Street  &  27  Warren  Street, 
NEW  YORK. 


Weisbacli's  Meclianics. 

New  ami  lievised  Edition, 
8vo.    Cloth.  $10.00. 

A  MANUAL  OF  THE  MECHANICS  OF  ENGINEEEING, 
and  of  the  Construction  of  Machines.  By  Julius  Weisbach,  Ph. 
D.  Translated  from  the  fourth  augmented  and  improved  Ger- 
man edition,  by  Eckley  B.  Coxe,  A.M.,  Mining  Engineer.  Vol. 
I. — Theoretical  Mechanics.  1,100  pages,  and  902  wood-cut 
illustrations. 

Abstract  of  Contents. — Introduction  to  the  Calculus — The  General 
Principles  of  Mechanics — Phoronomics,  or  the  Purely  Mathematical  Theory 
of  Motion — Mechanics,  or  the  General  Physical  Theory  of  Motion  —  Statics  of 
Rigid  Bodies — The  Application  of  Statics  to  Elasticity  and  Strength — Dynam- 
ics of  Eigid  Bodies —Statics  of  Fluids —Dynamics  of  Fluids — The  Theory 
of  Oscillation,  etc. 

"  The  present  edition  is  an  entirely  new  work,  greatly  extended  and  very 
much  improved.  It  forms  a  text-book  which  must  find  its  way  into  the  hands, 
not  only  of  every  student,  but  of  every  engineer  who  desires  to  refresh  his  mem- 
ory or  acquire  clear  ideas  on  doubtful  points.'' — Manufacturer  and  Builder. 

"  We  hope  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  a  thorough  course  of  study  and 
education  as  such  shall  be  demanded  of  the  practising  engineer,  and  with  this 
view  we  are  glad  to  welcome  this  translation  to  our  tongue  and  shores  of  one 
of  the  most  able  of  the  educators  of  Europe." —  The  Technologist. 


2  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Francis'  Lowell  Hydraulics. 

Third  Edition* 

4t().    Cloth.  $15.00. 

LOWELL  HYDEAULIC  EXPEEIMENTS  —  being  a  Selec- 
tion from  Experiments  on  Hydraulic  Motors,  on  tlie  Flow  of 
Water  over  Weirs,  and  in  Open  Canals  of  Uniform  Rectangular 
Section,  made  at  Lowell,  Mass.  By  J.  B.  Fkaxcis,  Civil  Engineer. 
Third  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  including  many  New  Ex- 
periments on  Gauging  Water  in  Open  Canals,  and  on  the  Flow 
through  Submerged  Orifices  and  Diverging  Tubes.  With  23 
copperplates,  beautifully  engraved,  and  about  100  new  pages  of 
text. 

The  work  is  divided  into  parts.  Part  I.,  on  hydraulic  motors,  includes 
ninety-two  experiments  on  an  improved  Fourneyron  Turbine  Water- Wheel, 
of  about  two  hundred  horse-power,  with  rules  and  tables  for  the  construction 
of  similar  motors ;  thirteen  experiments  on  a  model  of  a  centre- vent  Avater- 
wheel  of  the  most  simple  design,  and  thirty-nine  experiments  on  a  centre-vent 
water-wheel  of  about  two  hundred  and  thirty  horse-power. 

Part  II.  includes  seventy-four  experiments  made  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining the  form  of  the  formula  for  computing  the  flow  of  water  over  weirs ; 
nine  experiments  on  the  effect  of  back-water  on  the  flow  over  weirs;  eighty- 
eight  experiments  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  formula  for  com- 
puting the  flow  over  weirs  of  regular  or  standard  forms,  with  several  tables 
of  comparisons  of  the  new  formula  with  the  results  obtained  by  former  experi- 
menters ;  five  experiments  on  the  flow  over  a  dam  in  which  the  crest  was  of  the 
sama  form  as  that  built  by  the  Essex  Company  across  the  Merrimack  River  at 
Lawrence,  Massachusetts ;  twenty-one  experiments  on  the  effect  of  observing 
the  depths  of  water  on  a  weir  at  different  distances  from  the  weir ;  an  exten- 
sive series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining  rules  for 
gauging  streams  of  water  in  open  canals,  with  tables  for  facilitating  the  same ; 
and  one  hundred  and  one  experiments  on  the  discharge  of  water  through  sub- 
merged orifices  and  diverging  tubes,  the  wkole  being  fully  illustrated  by 
twenty-three  double  plates  engraved  on  copper. 

In  1855  the  proprietors  of  the  Locks  and  Canals  on  Merrimack  River  con- 
sented to  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  which  contained  a 
selection  of  the  most  important  hydraulic  experiments  made  at  Lowell  up  to 
that  time.  In  this  edition  the  principal  hydraulic  experiments  made  there, 
subsequent  to  1855,  have  been  added,  including  the  important  series  above 
mentioned,  for  determining  rules  for  the  gauging  the  flow  of  water  in  open 
canals,  and  the  interesting  series  on  the  flow  through  a  submerged  Ycnturi's 
tube,  in  which  a  larger  flow  was  obtained  than  any  we  find  recorded. 


D,  VAN  NOSTRAND,  3 


Francis  on  Cast-iron  Pillars. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

ON  THE  STEENGTH  OF  CAST-IEON  PILLAES,  with  Tables 
for  the  use  of  Engineers,  Architects,  and  Builders.  By  James  B. 
Feancis,  Civil  Engineer. 


Merrill's  Iron  Truss  Bridges. 

Second  Edition, 
4to.    Cleth.  $5.00. 

lEON  TEUSS  BEIDGES  FOE  EAILEOADS.  The  Method  of 
Calculating  Strains  in  Trusses,  with  a  careful  comparison  of  the 
most  prominent  Trusses,  in  reference  to  economy  in  combination, 
etc.,  etc.  By  Brevet  Colonel  William  E.  Merrill,  U.S.A., 
Major  Corps  of  Engineers.  Nine  lithographed  plates  of  illustra- 
tions. 

"  The  work  before  us  is  an  attempt  to  give  a  basis  for  sound  reform  in  this 
feature  of  railroad  engineering,  "by  throwing  ^  additional  light  upon  the 
method  of  calculating  the  maxima  strains  that  can  come  upon  any  part  of  a 
bridge  truss,  and  upon  the  manner  of  proportioning  each  part,  so  that  it  shall 
be  as  strong  relatively  to  it^  own  strains  as  any  other  part,  and  so  that  the 
entire  bridge  may  be  strong  enough  to  sustain  several  times  as  great  strains 
as  the  greatest  that  can  come  upon  it  in  actual  use.' ' ' — ScienUjic  American. 

"  The  author  has  presented  his  views  in  a  clear  and  intelligent  manner,  and 
the  ingenuity  displayed  in  coloring  the  figures  so  as  to  present  certain  facts 
to  the  eye  forms  no  inappreciable  part  of  the  merits  of  the  work.  The  reduc- 
tion of  the  *  formulae  for  obtaining  the  strength,  volume,  and  weight  of  a  cast- 
iron  pillar  under  a  strain  of  compression,'  will  be  very  acceptable  to  those  who 
have  occasion  hereafter  to  make  investigations  involving  these  conditions.  As 
a  whole,  the  work  has  been  well  done." — Railroad  Gazette,  Chicago. 


Humber's  Strains  in  Girders, 

18mo.    Cloth.  $2.50. 

A  HANDY  BOOK  EOE  THE  CALCULATION  OF  STEAINS 
IN  GIRDERS  and  Similar  Structures,  and  their  Strength,  con- 
sisting of  Formula}  and  Corresponding  Diagrams,  with  numerous 
details  for  practical  application.  By  William  Humber.  Fully 
illustrated. 


4 


SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Shreve  on  Bridges  and  Roofs. 

8vo,  87  w'cKxl-cut  illustrations.  Cloth.  $5.00. 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  8TEENGTH  OF  BEIDGES  AND 
EOOFS — comprising  tlie  determination  of  Algebraic  formulas 
for  Strains  in  Horizontal,  Inclined  or  Hafter,  Triangular,  Bow- 
string, Lenticular  and  other  Trusses,  from  fixed  and  moving 
loads,  witli  practical  applications  and  examples,  for  the  use  of 
Students  and  Engineers.  By  Samuel  H.  Shreve,  A.M.,  Civil 
Engineer.    Nearly  ready. 

The  rules  for  the  determination  of  strains  given  in  this  work,  in  the  shape 
of  formulas,  are  deduced  from  a  few  well-known  meclianical  laws,  and  are  not 
baaed  upon  assumed  conditions;  the  processes  are  given  and  applications 
made  of  the  results,  so  that  it  is  equally  valuable  as  a  text-book  for  the 
Student  and  as  a  manual  for  the  Practical  Engineer.  Among  the  examples 
are  the  G-reithausen  Bridge,  the  Kuilemberg  Bridge,  a  bridge  of  the  Saltash 
type,  and  many  other  compound  trusses,  whose  strains  are  calculated  by 
methods  which  are  not  only  free  from  the  use  of  the  higher  mathematics,  but 
are  as  simple  and  accurate,  and  as  readily  applied,  as  those  which  are  used  in 
proportioning  a  Warren  Girder  or  other  simple  truss. 


The  Kansas  City  Bridge. 

4to.    Cloth.  $6.(>0 

WITH  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  EEGIMEN  OF  THE  MIS- 
SOUEI  E.IVER,  and  a  description  of  the  Methods  used  for 
Founding  in  that  Biver.  By  0.  Chanute,  Chief  Engineer,  and 
George  Moeisok,  Assistant  Engineer.  Illustrated  with  five 
lithographic  views  and  twelve  plates  of  plans. 

Illustrations. 


Views. — View  of  the  Kansas  City 
Bridge,  August  2,  1869.  Lowering 
Caisson  No.  1  into  position.  Caisson 
for  Pier  No.  4  brought  into  position. 
View  of  Foundation  Works,  Pier  No. 
4.    Pier  No.  1. 

Plates. — I.  Map  showing  location 
of  Bridge.    II.  Water  Record — Cross 
Section  of  Hiver — Profile  of  Crossing 
— Pontoon  Protection.     III.   Water  I 
Deaden^r — Caisson  No.  % — Founda  | 


tion  Works,  Pier  No.  3.  IV.  Founda- 
tion Works,  Pier  No.  4.  V.  Founda- 
tion Works,  Pier  No.  4.  VI.  Caisson 
No.  5— Sheet  Piling  at  Pier  No.  6— 
Details  of  Dredges — Pile  Shoe — Beton 
Box.  VII.  Mcisonry — Draw  Protec- 
tion— False  Works  between  Piers  3 
and  4.  VIII.  Floating  Derricks. 
IX.  General  Elevation — 176  feet  span. 
I  X.  248  feet  span.  XX  Plans  of  Draw. 
1  XII.  Strain  Diagrams. 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAIsTD, 


5 


Clarke's  Quincy  Bridge. 

4to.    Cloth.  $7.50. 

DESCEIPTION  OF  THE  lEON  EAILWAY  Bridge  across  the 
Mississippi  Eiver  at  Quincy,  Illinois.  By  Thomas  Ctjetis  Clarke, 
Chief  Engineer.  Illustrated  with  twenty-one  lithographed 
plans.  ' 

Illustrations. 


Plates. — General  Plan  of  Missis- 
sippi River  at  Quincy,  showing  loca- 
tion of  Bridge.  Ha.  Greneral  Sections 
of  Mississippi  River  at  Quincy,  show- 
ing location  of  Bridge.  116.  General 
Sections  of  Mississippi  River  at  Quin- 
cy, showing  location  of  Bridge.  III. 
General  Sections  of  Mississippi  River 
at  Quincy,  showing  location  of  Bridge. 
IV.  Plans  of  Masonry.  V.  Diagram 
of  Spans,  showing  the  Dimensions, 
Arrangement  of  Panels,  etc.  VI.  Two 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  span,  and  de- 
tails. VII.  Three  hundred  and  sixty 
feet  Pivot  Draw.  VIII.  Details  of 
three  hundred  and  sixty  feet  Draw. 
IX.  Ice-Breakers,  Foundations  of  Piers 
and  Abutments,  Water  Table,  and 


Curve  of  Deflections.  X.  Founda- 
tions of  Pier  2,  in  Process  of  Con- 
struction. XI.  Foundations  of  Pier 
3,  and  its  Protection.  XII.  Founda- 
tions of  Pier  3,  in  Process  of  Construc- 
tion, and  Steam  Dredge.  XIII.  Foun- 
dations of  Piers  5  to  18,  in  Process 
of  Construction.  XIV.  False  Works?, 
showing  Process  of  Handling  and  Set- 
ting Stone.  XV.  False  Works  for 
Raising  Iron  Work  of  Superstructure. 
XVI.  Steam  Dredge  used  in  Founda- 
tions 9  to  18.^  XVII.  Single  Bucket 
Dredge  used  in  Foundations  of  Bay 
Piers.  XVIII.  Saws  used  for  Cut- 
ting Piles  under  water.  XIX.  Sand 
Pump  and  Concrete  Box.  XX  Ma- 
sonry Travelling  Crane. 


Whipple  on  Bridge  Building. 

8vo,  Illustrated.    Cloth.  $4.00. 

AN  ELEMENTAEY  AND  PRACTICAL  TEEATISE  ON 
BRIDGE  BUILDING.  An  enlarged  and  improved  edition  of 
the  Author's  original  work.  By  S.  Whipple,  C.  E.,  Inventor  of 
the  Whipple  Bridges,  &c. 

The  design  has  been  to  develop  from  Fundamental  Principles  a  system  easy 
of  comprehension,  and  such  as  to  enable  the  attentive  reader  and  student  to 
judge  understandingly  for  himself,  as  to  the  relative  merits  of  different  plans 
and  combinations,  and  to  adopt  for  use  such  as  may  be  most  suitable  for  the 
cases  he  may  have  to  deal  with. 

It  is  hoped  the  work  may  prove  an  appropriate  Text-Book  upon  the  subject, 
treated  of,  for  the  Engineering  Student,  and  a  useful  manual  for  the  Practic- 
ing Engineer  and  Bridge  Builder. 


6  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Stoney  on  Strains, 

New  and  Revised  Edition^  with  numerous  illustrations. 

8vo.  In  press.  $15.00. 

THE  THEOEY  OF  STEAINS  IN  GIEDEES  and  Similar  Struc- 
tures,  with  Observations  on  the  AppUcation  of  Theory  to  Practice, 
and  Tables  of  Strength  and  other  Properties  of  Materials.  By 
BiNDEN  B.  Stoney,  B.  A. 


Roebling's  Bridges. 

Imperial  folio.    Cloth.  $25.00. 

LONG  AND  SHOET  SPAN  EAILWAY  BEIDGES.  By  John 
A.  EoEBLiNG,  C.  E.  Illustrated  with  large  copperplate  engrav- 
ings of  plans  and  views. 

List  of  Plates 

1.  Parabolic  Truss  Railway  Bridge.  2,  3,  4,  5,  6.  Details  of  Parabolic 
Truss,  with  centre  span  500  feet  in  the  clear.  7.  Plan  and  View  of  a  Bridge 
over  the  Mississippi  River,  at  St.  Louis,  for  railway  and  common  travel.  8,  9, 
10,  11,  12.  Details  and  View  of  St.  Louis  Bridge.  13.  Railroad  Bridge  over 
the  Ohio. 


Diedrichs'  Theory  of  Strains. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $5.00. 

A  Compendium  for  the  Calculation  and  Construction  of  Bridges, 
Eoofs,  and  Cranes,  with  the  Application  of  Trigonometrical 
Notes.  Containing  the  most  comprehensive  information  in  re- 
gard to  the  Eesulting  Strains  for  a  permanent  —  t  Load,  as  also 
for  a  combined  (Permanent  and  Polling)  Load.  In  two  sections, 
adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  present  time.  By  John  Died- 
KiOHs.    Illustrated  by  numerous  plates  and  diagrams, 

"  The  want  of  a  compact,  universal  and  popular  treatise  on  the  Construc- 
tion of  Roofs  and  Bridges — especially  one  treating  of  the  influence  of  a  varia- 
ble load — and  the  unsatisfactory  essays  of  different  authors  on  the  subject, 
induced  me  to  prepare  this  work." 


D,  VAN  NOSTRAND. 


7 


Whilden's  Strengtli  of  Materials. 

12mo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

ON  THE  STEENGTH  OF  MATEEIALS  used  in  Engineering 
Construction.    By  J.  K.  Whilden. 


Oampin  on  Iron  Roofs. 

Large  8vo.    Cloth.  $3.00. 

ON  THE  CONSTEUCTION  OF  lEON  EOOFS.  A  Theoretical 
and  Practical  Treatise.  By  Feancis  Campin.  With  wood-cuts 
and  plates  of  Eoofs  lately  executed. 

The  mathematical  formulas  are  of  an  elementary  kind,  and  the  process 
admits  of  an  easy  extension  so  as  to  embrace  the  prominent  varieties  of  iron 
truss  bridges.  The  treatise,  though  of  a  practical  scientific  character,  may  be 
easily  mastered  by  any  one  familiar  with  elementary  mechanics  and  plane 
trigonometry." 

Holley's  Railway  Practice. 

1  vol.  folio.    Cloth.  $12.00. 

AMEEICAN  AND  EUEOPEAN  EAILWAY  PEACTICE,  in 
the  Economical  Generation  of  Steam,  including  the  materials 
and  construction  of  Coal-burning  Boilers,  Combustion,  the  Varia- 
ble Blast,  Yaporization,  Circulation,  Super-heating,  Supplying 
and  Heating  Feed- water,  &c.,  and  the  adaptation  of  Wood  and 
Coke-burning  Engines  to  Coal-burning  ;  and  in  Permanent  Way, 
including  Eoad-bed,  Sleepers,  Eails,  Joint  Fastenings,  Street 
Eailways,  &c.,  &c.  By  Alexandeh  L.  Holley,  B.  P.  With  77 
lithographed  plates. 

"  This  is  an  elaborate  treatise  by  one  of  our  ablest  civil  engineers,  on  the  con- 
struction and  use  of  locomotives,  with  a  few  chapters  on  the  building  of  Rail- 
rot.ds.  5«-  *  AH  these  subjects  are  treated  by  the  author,  who  is  a 
first-class  railroad  engineer,  in  both  an  intelligent  and  intelligible  manner.  The 
facts  and  ideas  are  well  arranged,  and  presented  in  a  clear  and  simple  style, 
accompanied  by  beautiful  engravings,  and  we  presume  the  work  will  be  regard- 
ed as  indispensable  by  all  who  are  interested  in  a  knowledge  of  the  construc- 
tion of  railroads  and  rolling  stock,  or  the  working  of  locomotives." — Scientific 
American. 


8         SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Henricfs  Skeleton  Structures. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $3.00. 

SKELETON  STEUCTUEES,  especially  in  their  Application  to 
the  building  of  Steel  and  Iron  Bridges.  By  Olaus  Henrtci. 
With  folding  plates  and  diagrams. 

By  presenting  these  general  examinations  on  Skeleton  Structures,  with 
particular  application  for  Suspended  Bridges,  to  Engineers,  I  venture  to  ex- 
press the  hope  that  they  will  receive  these  theoretical  results  with  some  confi- 
dence, even  although  an  opportunity  is  Avanting  to  compare  them  with  practi- 
cal results.  O.  H. 


Useful  Information  for  Railway  Men. 

Pocket  form.    Morocco,  gilt,  $2.00. 

Compiled  by  W.  G.  Hamiltox,  Engineer.    Third  edition,  revised 
and  enlarged.    570  pages. 

It  embodies  many  valuable  formulae  and  recipes  useful  for  railway  men, 
and,  indeed,  for  almost  every  class  of  persons  in  the  world.  The  *  informa- 
tion '  comprises  some  valuable  formulae  and  rules  for  the  construction  of 
boilers  and  engines,  masonry,  properties  of  steel  and  iron,  and  the  strength 
of  materials  generally." — Railroad  Gazette^  GlUcago. 


Brooklyn  Water  Works. 

1  vol.  folio.    Cloth.  $20.00. 

A  DESCEIPTIVE  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CONSTEUCTION  OF 
THE  WOEKS,  and  also  Eeports  on  the  Brooklyn,  Hartford, 
Belleville,  and  Cambridge  Pumping  Engines.  Prepared  and 
printed  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Water  Commissioners.  AVith 
59  illustrations. 

Contents. — Supply  Ponds — The  Conduit— Ridge  wood  Engine  House  and 
Pump  Well — Ridge  wood  Engines — Force  Mains — Ridge  wood  Reservoir — 
Pipe  Distribution — Mount  Prospect  Reservoir — Mount  Prospect  Engine 
House  and  Engine — Drainage  Grounds — Sewerage  Works — Appendix. 


D,  VAJSr  NOSTBAN'D, 


9 


Kirkwood  on  Filtration. 

4to.    Cloth.  $15.00. 

EEPOET  ON  THE  FILTEATION  OF  EIVEE  WATEES,  for 
the  Supply  of  Cities,  as  practised  in  Europe,  made  to  the  Board 
of  Water  Commissioners  of  the  City  of  St.  Louis.  By  James  V. 
Kirkwood.    Illustrated  by  30  double-plate  engravings. 

Contents. — Report  on  Filtration — London  "Works,  General — Chelsea 
Water  Works  and  Filters — Lambeth  Water  Works  and  Filte.rs — Southwark 
and  Vauxhall  Water  Works  and  Filters — Grand  Junction  Water  Works  and 
Filters — West  Middlesex  Water  Works  and  Filters — New  Kiver  Water 
Works  and  Filters — East  London  Water  Works  and  Filters — Leicester  Water 
Works  and  Filters — York  Water  Works  and  Filters — Liverpool  Water  Works 
and  Filters — Edinburgh  Water  Works  and  Filters — Dublin  Water  Works 
and  Filters — Perth  Water  Works  and  Filtering  Gallery — Berlin  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Hamburg  Water  Works  and  Reservoirs — Altona  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Tours  Water  Works  and  Filtering  Canal — Angers  Water 
Works  and  Filtering  Galleries — Nantes  Water  Works  and  Filters — Lyons 
Water  Works  and  Filtering  Galleries — Toulouse  Water  Works  and  Filtering 
Galleries — Marseilles  Water  Works  and  Filters — Genoa  Water  Works  and 
Filtering  Galleries — Leghorn  Water  Works  and  Cisterns — Wakefield  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Appendix. 


Tunner  on  Roll-Turning. 

1  vol.  8vo.  and  1  vol.  plates.  $10.00. 

A  TEEATISE  ON  EOLL-TUENING  FOE  THE  MANUFAC- 
TUEE  OF  lEON.  By  Peter  TunxXer.  Translated  and  adapted. 
By  John  B.  Pearse,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Steel  Works.  With 
numerous  wood-cuts,  8vo.,  together  with  a  folio  atlas  of  10  litho- 
graphed plates  of  Eolls,  Measurements,  &c. 

"  We  commend  this  book  as  a  clear,  elaborate,  and  practical  treatise  upon 
the  department  of  iron  manufacturing  operations  to  which  it  is  devoted. 
The  writer  states  in  his  preface,  that  for  twenty-five  years  he  has  felt  the 
necessity  of  such  a  work,  and  has  evidently  brought  to  its  preparation  the 
fruits  of  experience,  a  painstaking  regard  for  accuracy  of  statement,  and  a 
desire  to  furnish  information  in  a  style  readily  understood.  The  book  should 
be  in  the  hands  of  every  one  interested,  either  in  the  general  practice  of 
mechanical  engineering,  or  the  special  branch  of  manufacturing  operations  to 
which  the  work  relates.'  — American  Artisan. 


10        SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Grlynn  on  the  Power  of  Water. 

12mo.    Cloth.  11.00. 

A  TEEATISE  ON  THE  POWEE  OF  WATEE,  as  applied  to 
drive  Elour  Mills,  and  to  give  motion  to  Turbines  and  other 
Hydrostatic  Engines.  By  Joseph  Glynn,  F.E.  S.  Third  edition, 
revised  and  enlarged,  with  numerous  illustrations. 


Hewson  on  Embankments. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

PEINCIPLES  AND  PEACTICE  OF  EMBANKING  LANDS 
from  Eiver  Floods,  as  applied  to  the  Levees  of  the  Mississippi. 
By  AViLLiAM  Hewson,  Civil  Engineer. 

"  This  is  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  principles  and  practice  of  embanking" 
lands  from  river  floods,  as  applied  to  the  Levees  of  the  Mississippi,  by  a  highly 
intelligent  and  experienced  engineer.  The  author  says  it  is  a  first  attempt 
to  reduce  to  order  and  to  rule  the  design,  execution,  and  measurement  of  the 
Levees  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  a  most  useful  and  needed  contribution  to 
scientific  literature. — Philadelphia  Emning  Journal, 


Griiiier  on  Steel. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $3.50. 

THE  MANUFACTUEE  OF  STEEL.  By  M.  L.  Grunek,  trans- 
lated from  the  French.  By  Lenox  Smith,  A.  M.,  E.  M.,  vnth  an 
appendix  on  the  Bessemer  Process  in  the  United  States,  by  the 
translator.    Illustrated  by  lithographed  drawings  and  wood-cuts. 

"  The  purpose  of  the  work  is  to  present  a  careful,  elaborate,  and  at  the 
same  time  practical  examination  into  the  physical  properties  of  steel,  as  well 
as  a  description  of  the  new  processes  and  mechanical  appliances  for  its  manufac- 
ture. The  information  which  it  contains,  gathered  from  many  trustworthy 
sources,  will  be  found  of  much  value  to  the  American  steel  manufacturer, 
who  may  thus  acquaint  himself  with  the  results  of  careful  and  elaborate  ex- 
periments in  other  countries,  and  better  prepare  himself  for  successful  com- 
petition in  this  important  industry  with  foreign  makers.  The  fact  that  this 
volume  is  from  the  pen  of  one  of  the  ablest  metallurgists  of  the  present  day, 
cannot  fail,  we  think,  to  secure  for  it  a  favorable  consideration. — Iron  Age, 


D.  VAN  NOHTRAND, 


11 


Banerman  on  Iron. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

TEEATISE  ON  THE  METALLUEGY  OF  lEON.  Contain- 
ing  outlines  of  the  History  of  Iron  Manufacture,  methods  of 
Essay,  and  analysis  of  Iron  Ores,  processes  of  manufacture  of 
Iron  and  Steel,  etc.,  etc.  By  II.  Bauerman.  First  American 
edition.  Ee vised  and  enlarged,  with  an  appendix  on  the  Martin 
Process  for  making  Steel,  from  the  report  of  Abram  S.  Hewitt. 
Illustrated  with  numerous  wood  engravings. 

^'  This  is  an  important  addition  to  the  stock  of  technical  works  published  in 
this  country.  It  embodies  the  latest  facts,  discoveries,  and  processes  con- 
nected with  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
every  person  interested  in  the  subject,  as  well  as  in  all  technical  and  scientific 
libraries." — Scientific  American. 


Auchincloss  on  the  Slide  Yalve. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $3.00. 

APPLICATION  OF  THE  SLIDE  VALVE  and  Link  Motion  to 
Stationary,  Portable,  Locomotive  and  Marine  Engines,  with  new 
and  simple  methods  for  proportioning  the  parts.  By  William 
S.  ArcHiNCLoss,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer.  Designed  as 
a  hand-book  for  Mechanical  Engineers,  Master  Mechanics, 
Draughtsmen  and  Students  of  Steam  Engineering.  All  dimen- 
sions of  the  valve  are  found  with  the  greatest  ease  by  means  of 
a  Printed  Scale,  and  proportions  of  the  link  determined  withoitt 
the  assistance  of  a  model.  Illustrated  by  37  wood-cuts  and  21 
lithographic  plates,  together  with  a  copperplate  engraving  of  the 
Travel  Scale. 

All  the  matters  we  have  mentioned  are  treated  with  a  clearness  and  absence 
of  unnecessary  verbiage  which  renders  the  work  a  peculiarly  valuable  one. 
The  Travel  Scale  only  requires  to  be  known  to  be  appreciated.  Mr.  A.  writes 
so  ably  on  his  subject,  we  wish  he  had  written  more.  Ijondon  En- 
gineering. 

We  have  never  opened  a  work  relating  to  steam  which  seemed  to  us  better 
calculated  to  give  an  intelligent  mind  a  clear  understanding  of  the  depart- 
ment it  discusses. — Scientific  American. 


12  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Slide  "Valve  by  Eccentrics,  by  Prof. 
C.  W.  MacCord. 

4to.  Illustrated.    Cloth,  $ 

A  PEACTICAL  TEEATISE  ON  THE  SLIDE  YALVE  BY 
ECCENTKICS,  examining  by  methods,  the  action  of  the  Eccen- 
tric upon  the  Slide  Valve,  and  explaining  the  practical  proces- 
ses of  laying  out  the  movements,  adapting  the  valve  for  its 
various  duties  in  the  steam-engine.  For  the  use  of  Engineers, 
Draughtsmen,  Machinists,  and  Students  of  valve  motions  in 
general.  By  C.  W.  MacCord,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  Mechanical 
Drawing,  Stevens'  Institute  of  Technology,  Hoboken,  N  J. 


Stillman's  Steam-Engine  Indicator. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $1.00. 

THE  STEAM-ENGINE  INDICATOE,  and  the  Improved  Mano- 
meter Steam  and  Vacuum  Gauges ;  their  utility  and  application 
By  Paul  Stillmaj^.    New  edition. 

Bacon's  Steam-Engine  Indicator. 

12mo.  Cloth,    $1.00.    Mor.  $1.50. 

A  TEEATISE  ON  THE  EICHAEDS  STEAM-ENGINE  IN- 
DICATOE, with  directions  for  its  use.  By  Chaeles  T.  Porter. 
Eevised,  with  notes  and  large  additions  as  developed  by  Amer- 
ican Practice,  with  an  Appendix  containing  useful  formulae  and 
rules  for  Engineers.  By  F.  AV.  Bacon-,  M.  E.,  Member  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  Elustrated. 

In  this  work»  Mr.  Porter's  book  has  been  taken  as  the  basis,  but  Mr.  Bacon 
has  adapted  it  to  American  Practice,  and  has  conferred  a  great  boon  on 
American  Engineers. — Artisan. 


Bartol  on  Marine  Boilers. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $1.50. 

TEEATISE  ON  THE  MARINE  BOILERS  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES.    By  H.  H.  Baetol.  Illustrated. 


D,  VAN  N08TRAND. 


13 


Gillmore's  Limes  and  Cements, 

Fourth  Edition.    Jlevise  I  and  Enlargd, 

8vo.    Cloth.  $4.00. 

PEACTICAL  TEEATISE  ON  LIMES,  HYDEAULIC  CE- 
MENTS, AND  MOETAES.  Papers  on  Practical  Engineering, 
TJ.  S.  Engineer  Department,  No.  9,  containing  Eeports  of 
numerous  experiments  conducted  in  New  York  City,  during  tlie 
years  1858  to  1861,  inclusive.  By  Q.  A.  Gillmoee,  Brig-General 
U.  S.  Volunteers,  and  Major  U.  S.  Corps  of  Engineers.  With 
numerous  illustrations. 

**  This  work  contains  a  record  of  certain  exj)erinients  and  researches  made 
under  the  authority  of  the  Engineer  Bureau  of  the  War  Department  from 
1858  to  1861,  upon  the  various  hydraulic  cements  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  materials  for  their  manufacture.  The  experiments  were  carefully  made, 
and  are  well  reported  and  compiled. ' — Journal  Franklin  Institute. 


Gillmore's  Coignet  Beton. 

■  8vo.    Cloth.  $2.50. 

COIGNET  BETON  AND  OTHEE  AETIFICIAL  STONE.  By 
Q.  A.  GiLLMORE.    9  Plates,  Views,  etc. 

This  work  describes  with  considerable  minuteness  of  detail  the  several  kinds 
of  artificial  stone  in  most  general  use  in  Europe  and  now  beginning  to  be 
introduced  in  the  United  States,  discusses  their  properties,  relative  merits, 

and  cost,  and  describes  the  materials  of  which  they  are  comx>osed  

The  subject  is  one  of  special  and  growing  interest,  and  we  commend  the  work, 
embodying  as  it  does  the  matured  opinions  of  an  experienced  engineer  and 
expert. 


Williamson's  Practical  Tables. 

4to.    Flexible  Cloth.  |2.50. 

PEACTICAL  TABLES  IN  METEOEOLOGY  AND  HYPSO- 
METEY,  in  connection  with  the  use  of  the  Barometer.    By  Col. 

E.  S.  WiLLIAMSOM,  U.  S.  A. 


14        SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


WilliamsorL  on  the  Barometer. 

4to.  Cloth.  $15.00. 
ON  THE  USE  OF  THE  BAEOMETEE  ON  SURVEYS  AND 
EECONNAISSANCES.  Part  I.  Meteorology  in  its  Connec- 
tion with  Hypsometry.  Part  11.  Barometric  Hypsometry.  By 
E.  S.  Williamson,  Bvt.  Lieut.-Col.  U.  S.  A.,  Major  Corps  of 
Engineers.  With  Illustrative  Tables  and  Engravings.  Paper 
No.  15,  Professional  Papers,  Corps  of  Engineers. 

"  San  Prancisco,  Cal.,  Feb.  27,  1867. 
Gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  Chief  of  Engineers,  XJ.  S.  Army  : 

General, — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  to  you,  in  the  following  pages,  the 
results  of  my  investigations  in  meteorology  and  hypsometry,  made  with  the 
view  of  ascertaining  how  far  the  barometer  can  be  used  as  a  reliable  instru- 
ment for  determining  altitudes  on  extended  lines  of  survey  and  reconnais- 
sances. These  investigations  have  occupied  the  leisure  permitted  me  from  my 
professional  duties  during  the  last  ten  years,  and  I  hope  the  results  will  be 
deemed  of  sufficient  value  to  have  a  place  assigned  them  among  the  printed 
professional  papers  of  the  United  States  Corps  of  Engineers. 

"  Yery  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

E,.  S.  WILLIAMSON, 
Bvt.  Lt.-Col.  U.  S.  A.,  Major  Corps  of  IT.  S.  Engineers." 


Yon  Cotta's  Ore  Deposits. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $4.00. 
TEEATISE  ON  OEE  DEPOSITS.  By  Behnhakd  Vox  Cotta, 
Professor  of  Geology  in  the  Eoyal  School  of  Mines,  Ereidberg, 
Saxony.  Translated  from  the  second  German  edition,  by 
Frederick  Peime,  Jr.,  Mining  Engineer,  and  revised  by  the 
author,  with  numerous  illustrations. 

"  Prof.  Yon  Cotta  of  the  Freiberg  School  of  Mines,  is  the  author  of  the 
best  modem  treatise  on  ore  deposits,  and  we  are  heartily  glad  that  this  ad- 
mirable work  has  been  translated  and  published  in  this  country.  The  trans- 
lator, Mr.  Frederick  Prime,  Jr.,  a  graduate  of  Freiberg,  has  had  in  his  work 
the  great  advantage  of  a  revision  by  the  author  himself,  who  declares  in  a 
prefatory  note  that  this  may  be  considered  as  a  new  edition  (the  third)  of  his 
own  book. 

It  is  a  timely  and  welcome  contribution  to  the  literature  of  mining  in 
this  country,  and  we  are  grateful  to  the  translator  for  his  enterprise  and  good 
judgment  in  undertaking  its  preparation ;  while  we  recognize  with  equal  cor- 
diality the  liberality  of  the  author  in  granting  both  permission  and  assist- 
ance."'— Extract  from  Review  in  Engineering  and  Mining  JourruiL 


D.  VAN  XOSTEAJSriJ. 


15 


Plattner's  Blow-Pipe  Analysis. 

Second  edition.    Revised.    8vo.    Cloth.  $7.50. 

PLATTNEE'S  MANUAL  OF  QUALITATIVE  AND  QUAN- 
TITATIVE  ANALYSIS  WITH  THE  BLOW-PIPE.  Prom 
the  last  German  editioH  Eevised  and  enlarged.  By  Prof.  Th. 
RicHTEK,  of  the  Eoyal  Saxon  Mining  Academy.  Translated  by 
Prof.  H.  B.  Cornwall,  Assistant  in  the  Columbia  School  of 
Mines,  New  York ;  assisted  by  John  H.  Caswell.  Illustrated 
with  eighty-seven  wood-cuts  and  one  Lithographic  Plate.  560 
pages. 

"  Plattner's  celebrated  work  has  long  been  recognized  as  the  only  complete 
book  on  Blow-Pipe  Analysis.  The  fourth  German  edition,  edited  by  Prof. 
Richter,  fully  sustains  the  reputation  which  the  earlier  editions  acquired  dur- 
ing the  lifetime  of  the  author,  and  it  is  a  source  of  great  satisfaction  to  us  to 
know  that  Prof.  Richter  has  co-operated  with  the  translator  in  issuing  the 
American  edition  of  the  work,  which  is  in  fact  a  fifth  edition  of  the  original 
work,  being  far  more  complete  than  the  last  German  edition.'* — SUUman's 
Journal. 

There  is  nothi-ng  so  complete  to  be  found  in  the  English  language.  Platt- 
ner's book  is  not  a  mere  pocket  edition  ;  it  is  intended  as  a  comprehensive  guide 
to  all  that  is  at  present  known  on  the  blow-pipe,  and  as  such  is  really  indis- 
pensable to  teachers  and  advanced  pupils. 

"  Mr.  Corn  wall's  edition  is  something  more  than  a  translation,  as  it  contains 
many  corrections,  emendations  and  additions  not  to  be  found  in  the  original. 
It  is  a  decided  improvement  on  the  work  in  its  German  dress," — Journal  of 
Applied  Chemistry, 


Egleston's  Mineralogy. 

8vo.    Illustrated  with  34  Lithographic  Plates.    Cloth.  $4.50. 

LECTUEES  ON  DESCEIPTIVE  MINEEALOGY,  Delivered 
at  the  School  of  Mines,  Columbia  College.  Br  Professor  T. 
Eglestox. 

These  lectures  are  what  their  title  indicates,  the  lectures  on  Mineralogy 
delivered  at  the  School  of  Mines  of  Columbia  College.  They  have  been 
printed  for  the  students,  in  order  that  more  time  might  be  given  to  the  vari- 
ous methods  of  examining  and  determining  minerals.  The  second  part  has 
only  been  printed.  The  first  part,  comprising  crystallography  and  physical 
mineralogy,  will  be  printed  at  some  future  time. 


16  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Pynclioii's  Chemical  Physics. 

Keiv  Edition.   Hevised  and  Enlarged, 
Crown  8vo.    Cloth.  $3.00. 

INTEODUCTION  TO  CHEMICAL  PHYSICS,  Designed  for  the 
Use  of  Academies,  Colleges,  and  High  Schools.  Illustrated  with 
numerous  engravings,  and  containing  copious  experiments  with 
directions  for  preparing  them.  By  Thomas  Euggles  Pynchon, 
M.A.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  the  Natural  Sciences,  Trinity 
College,  Hartford. 

Hitherto,  no  work  suitable  for  general  use,  treating  of  all  these  subjects 
within  the  limits  of  a  single  volume,  could  be  found ;  consequently  the  atten- 
tion they  have  received  has  not  been  at  all  proportionate  to  their  importance. 
It  is  believed  that  a  book  containing  so  much  valuable  information  within  so 
small  a  compass,  cannot  fail  to  meet  with  a  ready  sale  among  all  intelligent 
persons,  while  Professional  men.  Physicians,  Medical  Students,  Photograph- 
ers, Telegraphers,  Engineers,  and  Artisans  generally,  will  find  it  specially 
valuable,  if  not  nearly  indispensable,  as  a  book  of  reference. 

"  We  strongly  recommend  this  able  treatise  to  our  readers  as  the  first 
work  ever  published  on  the  subject  free  from  perplexing  technicalities.  In 
style  it  is  pure,  in  description  graphic,  and  its  typographical  appearance  is 
artistic.    It  is  altogether  a  most  excellent  work." — Eclectic  Medical  Journal. 

It  treats  fully  of  Photography,  Telegraphy,  Steam  Engines,  and  the 
various  applications  of  Electricity.  In  short,  it  is  a  carefully  prepared 
volume,  abreast  with  the  latest  scientific  discoveries  and  inventions.*' — Hart- 
ford Courant. 


Plympton's  Blow-Pipe  Analysis. 

12mo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

THE  BLOW-PIPE  :  A  System  of  Instruction  in  its  practical  use 
being  a  graduated  course  of  Analysis  for  the  use  of  students, 
and  all  those  engaged  in  the  Examination  of  Metallic  Combina- 
tions. Second  edition,  with  an  appendix  and  a  copious  index. 
By  Geoege  AV.  Plympton,  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  Brooklyn. 

This  manual  probably  has  no  superior  in  the  English  language  as  a  text- 
book for  beginners,  or  as  a  guide  to  the  student  working  without  a  teacher. 
To  the  latter  many  illustrations  of  the  utensils  and  apparatus  required  in 
using  the  blow-pipe,  as  well  as  the  fully  illustrated  description  of  the  blow- 
pipe flame,  will  be  especially  serviceable.'' — New  York  Teacher. 


D.  VAJSr  NOSTBAJSrj},  17 


lire's  Dictionary, 


7> 


Siocth  Edi t ion . 
London,  1872. 
3  vols.    8vo.    Cloth,  $25.00.    Half  Russia,  |^7.50. 

DICTIONAEY  OF  AETS,  MANUFACTUEES,  AND  MINES. 
By  Andeeav  Ure,  M.D.  Sixth  edition.  Edited  by  Egbert  Hunt, 
F.E.S.,  greatly  enlarged  and  rewritten. 


Brande  and  Cox's  Dictionary, 

^^ew  Edition. 
London,  1872. 
3  vols.    8vo,    Cloth,  $20.00.    Half  Morocco,  $27.50. 

A  Dictionary  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art.    Edited  by  W.  T. 
Brande  and  Eev.  Geo.  W.  Cox.    New  and  enlarged  edition. 


Watt's  Dictionary  of  Chemistry. 

Sup2ylementat*y  Volume, 
8vo.   Cloth.  $9.00. 

This  volume  brings  the  Kecord  of  Chemical  Discovery  down  to  the  end  of 
the  year  1869,  including*  also  several  additions  to,  and  corrections  of,  former 
results  which  have  appeared  in  1870  and  1871. 

^'j^.*  Complete  Sets  of  the  Work,  New  and  Revised  edition,  including  above 
supplement.    0  vols.    8vo.    Cloth.  $62.00. 


Rammelsberg's  Chemical  Analysis. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $2.25. 

GUIDE  TO  A  COUESE  OF  QUANTITATIVE  CHEMICAL 
ANALYSIS,  ESPECIALLY  OF  MINEEALS  AND  FUE- 
NACE  PEODUCTS.  Illustrated  by  Examples.  By  C.  F. 
Eammelsberg.    Translated  by  J.  Towler,  M.D. 

This  work  has  been  translated,  and  is  now  published  expressly  for  those 
students  in  chemistry  whose  time  and  other  studies  in  colleges  do  not  permit 
them  to  enter  upon  the  more  elaborate  and  expensive  treatises  of  Fresenius 
and  others.  It  is  the  condensed  labor  of  a  master  in  chemistry  and  of  a  prac- 
tical analyst. 


18        SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Eliot  and  Storer's  Qualitative 
Chemical  Analysis. 


I 


New  Edition,  Ilevised. 


12mo.    Illustrated.    Cloth.  $1.50. 


A  COMPENDIOUS  MANUAL  OF  QUALITATIVE  CHEML 
CAL  ANALYSIS.  By  Ch.vkles  AV.  Eliot  and  Ehank  H.  Stoker. 
Revised  with  the  Cooperation  of  the  Authors,  by  William  Eir- 
LEY  Nichols,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Massachusetts  Insti- 
tute of  Technology. 

"  This  Manual  has  great  merits  as  a  practical  introduction  to  the  science 
and  the  art  of  which  it  treats.  It  contains  enough  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  qualitative  analysis,  ^'  in  the  wet  way,"  to  bring  out  all  the  reasoning  in- 
volved in  the  science,  and  to  present  clearly  to  the  student  the  most  approved 
methods  of  the  art.  It  is  specially  adapted  for  exercises  and  experiments  in 
the  laboratory;  and  yet  its  classifications  and  manner  of  treatment  are  so 
systematic  and  logical  throughout,  as  to  adapt  it  in  a  high  degree  to  that 
higher  class  of  students  generally  who  desire  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
practical  methods  of  arriving  at  scientific  facts." — Lutlieran  Observer, 

"  We  wish  every  academical  class  in  the  land  could  have  the  benefit  of  the 
fifty  exercises  of  two  hours  each  necessary  to  master  this  book.  Chemistry 
would  cease  to  be  a  mere  matter  of  memory,  and  become  a  pleasant  experi- 
mental and  intellectual  recreation.  "We  heartily  commend  this  little  volume 
to  the  notice  of  those  teachers  who  believe  in  using  the  sciences  as  means  of 
mental  discipline." — College  Courant, 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.  An  Account  of  the  Decimal 
System,  with  Tables  of  Conversion  for  Commercial  and  Scientific 
Uses.    By  B.  P.  Craig,  M.  D. 

"  The  most  lucid,  accurate,  and  useful  of  all  the  hand-books  on  this  subject 
that  we  have  yet  seen.  It  gives  forty-seven  tables  of  comparison  between  the 
English  and  Prench  denominations  of  length,  area,  capacity,  weight,  and  the 
Centigrade  and  Pahrenheit  thermometers,  with  clear  instructions  how  to  use 
them ;  and  to  this  practical  portion,  which  helps  to  make  the  transition  as 
easy  as  possible,  is  prefixed  a  scientific  explanation  of  the  errors  in  the  metric 
system,  and  how  they  may  be  corrected  in  the  laboratory." — Nation. 


Craig's  Decimal  System. 


Square  o2mo.    Limp.  50c. 


D.  VAN  NOSTRANB, 


19 


Nugent  on  Optics. 

12mo.     Cloth,  $2.00 

TEEATISE  ON  OPTICS  ;  or,  Light  and  Sight,  theoretically  and 
practically  treated  ;  with  the  application  to  Fine  Art  and  Indus- 
trial Pursuits.  By  E.  Nugent.  With  one  hundred  and  three 
illustrations.  « 

"  This  book  is  of  a  practical  rather  than  a  theoretical  kind,  and  is  de- 
signed to  afford  accurate  and  complete  information  to  all  interested  in  appli- 
cations of  the  science." — Round  Table, 


Barnard's  Metric  System. 

8vo.    Brown  cloth.  $3.00. 

THE  METEIC  SYSTEM  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUEES. 
An  Address  delivered  before  the  Convocation  of  the  University  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  at  Albany,  August,  1871.  By  Erederick 
A.  P.  Barnard,  President  of  Columbia  College,  New  York  City. 
Second  edition  from  the  Eevised  edition  printed  for  the  Trustees 
of  Columbia  College.    Tinted  paper. 

"  It  is  the  best  summary  of  the  arguments  in  favor  of  the  metric  weights 
and  measures  with  which  we  are  acquainted,  not  only  because  it  contains  in 
small  space  the  leading  facts  of  the  case,  but  because  it  puts  the  advocacy  of 
that  system  on  the  only  tenable  grounds,  namely,  the  great  convenience  of  a 
decimal  notation  of  weight  and  measure  as  well  as  money,  the  value. of  inter- 
national uniformity  in  the  matter,  and  the  fact  that  this  metric  system  is 
adopted  and  in  general  use  by  the  majority  of  civilized  nations." — The  Nation, 


The  Young  Mechanic. 

Illustrated.    12mo.    Cloth.  $1.75. 

THE  YOUNG  MECHANIC.    Containing  directions  for  the  use 
of  all  kinds  of  tools,  and  for  the  construction  of  steam  engines 
and  mechanical  models,  including  the  Art  of  Turning  in  Wood 
and  Me  tab    By  the  author  of  "The  Lathe  and  its  Uses,"  etc 
Erom  the  English  edition,  with  corrections. 


20 


SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Harrison's  Mechanic's  Tool-Book. 

12mo.    Cloth.  $1.50. 

MECHANIC'S  TOOL  BOOK,  with  practical  rules  and  suggestions, 
for  the  use  of  Machinists,  Iron  Workers,  and  others.  By  W.  B. 
Harrison-,  Associate  Editor  of  the  American  Artisan."  Illustra- 
ted with  44  engravings. 

This  work  is  specially  adapted  to  meet  the  wants  of  Machinists  and  work- 
ers in  iron  generally.  It  is  made  up  of  the  work-day  experience  of  an  intelli- 
gent and  ingenious  mechanic,  who  had  the  faculty  of  adapting  tools  to  various 
purposes.  The  practicability  of  his  plans  and  suggestions  are  made  apparent 
even  to  the  unpractised  eye  by  a  series  of  well-executed  wood  engravings." — 
PMladelpMa  Inquirer. 

Pope's  Modern  Practice  of  the  Elec- 
tric Telegraph. 

Seventh  edition.   8vo.   Cloth  $2.00. 

A  Hand-book  for  Electricians  and  Operators.  By  Frank  L.  Pope. 
Seventh  edition.    E-evised  and  enlarged,  and  fully  illustrated. 

Extract  from  Letter  of  Prof  Morse, 

I  have  had  time  only  cursorily  to  examine  its  contents,  but  this  examina- 
tion has  resulted  in  great  gratification,  especially  at  the  fairness  and  unpre- 
judiced tone  of  your  whole  work. 

"  Your  illustrated  diagrams  are  admirable  and  beautifully  executed. 

"  I  think  all  your  instructions  in  the  use  of  the  telegraph  apparatus  judi- 
cious and  correct,  and  I  most  cordially  wish  you  success." 

Extract  from  Letter  of  Prof  G,  W.  Hough,  of  the  Dudley  Observatory. 

"  There  is  no  other  work  of  this  kind  in  the  English  language  that  con- 
tains in  so  small  a  compass  so  much  practical  information  in  the  application 
of  galvanic  electricity  to  telegraphy.  It  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  one 
interested  in  telegraphy,  or  the  use  of  Batteries  for  other  purposes." 


Morse's  Telegraphic  Apparatus. 

Illustrated.    8vo.    Cloth.  $3.00. 

EXAMINATION  OF  THE  TELEGRAPHIC  APPARATUS 
AND  THE  PROCESSES  IN  TELEGAPHY.  By  Samuel  E. 
B.  Morse,  LL.D.,  United  States  Commissioner  Paris  Universal 
Exposition,  1867. 


i).  VAJSr  JS^OSTEAND, 


21 


Sabine's  History  of  tlie  Telegraph.. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $1.25. 

HISTOEY  AND  PEOGEESS  OF  THE  ELECTEIC  TELE- 
GEAPH,  with  Descriptions  of  some  of  the  Apparatus.  By 
Egbert  Sabine,  C.  E.    Second  edition,  with  additions. 

Contents. — 1.  Early  Observations  of  Electrical  Phenomena.  II.  Tele- 
graphs by  Frictional  Electricity.  III.  Telegraphs  by  Voltaic  Electricity. 
lY.  Telegraphs  by  Electro-Magnetism  and  Magneto-Electricity.  Y.  Tele- 
graphs now  in  use.  YI.  Overhead  Lines.  YII.  Submarine  Telegraph  Lines. 
YIII.  Underground  Telegraphs.    IX.  Atmospheric  Electricity. 


ShafFner's  Telegraph  Manual. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $6.50. 

A  COMPLETE  HISTOEY  AND  DESCEIPTION  OF  THE 
SEMAPHOEIC,  ELECTEIC,  AND  MAGNETIC  TELE- 
GEAPHS  OF  EUEOPE,  ASIA,  AFEICA,  AND  AMEEICA, 
with  625  illustrations.  By  Tal.  P.  Shaffner,  of  Kentucky. 
New  edition. 

Culley's  Hand-Book  of  Telegraphy. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $5.00. 

A  HAND-BOOK  OF  PEACTICAL  TELEGEAPHY.  By  E.  S. 
CuLLEY,  Engineer  to  the  Electric  and  International  Telegraph 
Company.    Fourth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 

Foster's  Snbmarine  Blasting. 

4to.    Cloth.  $3.50. 

SUBMAEINE  BLASTING  in  Boston  Harbor,  Massachusetts— 
Eemoval  of  Tower  and  Corwin  Eocks.  By  JonN  G.  Foster, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  of  Engineers,  and  Brevet  Major- General,  U. 
S.  Army.    Illustrated  with  seven  plates. 

List  of  Plates. — 1.  Sketch  of  the  Narrows,  Boston  Harbor.  2. 
Townsend's  Submarine  Drilling  Machine,  and  "Working  Yessel  attending. 
8.  Submarine  Drilling  Machine  employed.  4.  Details  of  Drilling  Machine 
employed.  5.  Cartridges  and  Tamping  used.  0.  Fuses  and  Insulated  Wires 
used.    7.  Portable  Friction  Battery  used. 


22  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Barnes'  Submarine  Warfare. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $5.00. 

SUBMAEINE  WARFAEE,  DEFENSIVE  AND  OFFENSIVE. 
Comprising  a  full  and  complete  History  of  the  Invention  of  the 
Torpedo,  its  employment  in  War  and  results  of  its  use.  De- 
scriptions of  the  yarious  forms  of  Torpedoes,  Submarine  Batteries 
and  Torpedo  Boats  actually  used  in  War.  Methods  of  Ignition 
by  Machinery,  Contact  Fuzes,  and  Electricity,  and  a  full  accotmt 
of  experiments  made  to  determine  the  Explosive  Force  of  Gun- 
powder under  Water.  Also  a  discussion  of  the  Offensive  Torpedo 
system,  its  effect  upon  Iron-Clad  Ship  systems,  and  influence  upon 
Future  Naval  Wars.  By  Lieut.-Commander  John  S.  Barnes, 
U.  S.  N.    With  twenty  lithographic  plates  and  many  wood-cuts. 

A  book  important  to  military  men,  and  especially  so  to  engineers  and  ar- 
tillerists. It  consists  of  an  examination  of  the  various  offensive  and  defensive 
engines  that  have  been  contrived  for  submarine  hostilities,  including  a  discus- 
sion of  the  torpedo  system,  its  effects  upon  iron-clad  ship-systems,  and  its 
probable  influence  upon  future  naval  wars.  Plates  of  a  valuable  character 
accompany  the  treatise,  which  affords  a  useful  history  of  the  momentous  sub- 
ject  it  discusses.  A  great  deal  of  useful  information  is  collected  in  its  pages, 
especially  concerning  the  inventions  of  ScHOLL  and  Verdu,  and  of  Jones' 
and  Hunt's  batteries,  as  well  as  of  other  similar  machines,  and  the  use  in 
submarine  operations  of  gun-cotton  and  nitro-glycerine." — N,  Y.  Times, 


Randall's  Quartz  Operator's  Hand- 

Book. 

12mo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

QUAETZ  OPEEATOE'S  HAND-BOOK.    By  P.  M.  Eandall. 
New  edition,  revised  and  enlarged.    Pully  illustrated. 

The  object  of  this  work  has  been  to  present  a  clear  and  comprehensive  ex- 
position of  mineral  veins,  and  the  means  and  modes  chiefly  employed  for  the 
mining  and  working  of  their  ores — more  especially  those  containing  gold  and 
silver. 


D.  VAN^  XOSTBAND. 


Mitclieirs  Manual  of  Assaying. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $10.00. 

A  MANUAL  OF  PEACTICAL  ASSAYING.    By  John  Mitchell. 
Third  edition.    Edited  by  William  Ckookes,  E.E.S. 

Ill  this  edition  are  incorporated  all  the  late  important  discoveries  in  Assay- 
ing made  in  this  country  and  abroad,  and  special  care  is  devoted  to  the  very 
important  Volumetric  and  Colorimetric  Assays,  as  well  as  to  the  Blow-Pipe 
Assays. 


Benet's  Chronoscope. 

Second  Edition. 

Illustrated.    4to.    Cloth.  $3.00. 

ELECTEO-BALLISTIC  MACHINES,  and  the  Schultz  Chrono- 
scope. By  Lieutenant-Colonel  S.  V.  Benet,  Captain  of  Ordnance, 
U.  S.  Army. 

Contents. — 1.  Ballistic  Pendulum.  2.  Gun  Pendulum.  3.  Use  of  Elec- 
tricity. 4.  Navez'  Machine.  5.  Vignotti's  Machine,  with  Plates.  6.  Benton's 
Electro-Ballistic  Pendulum,  with  Platae.  7.  Leur's  Tro-Pendulum  Machine 
8.  Schultz's  Chronoscope,  with  two  Plates. 


Michaelis'  Chronograph. 

4to.    Illustrated.    Cloth.  $3.00. 

THE  LE  BOULENGE  CHEONOGEAPH.  With  three  litho- 
graphed folding  plates  of  illustrations.  By  Brevet  Captain  0  E. 
MicnAELis,  Eirst  Lieutenant  Ordnance  Corps,  U.  S.  Army. 

The  excellent  monograph  of  Captain  Michaelis  enters  minutely  into  the 
details  of  construction  and  management,  and  gives  tables  of  the  times  of  flight 
calculated  upon  a  given  fall  of  the  chronometer  for  all  distances.  Captain 
Michaelis  has  done  good  service  in  presenting  this  work  to  his  brother  officers, 
describing,  as  it  does,  an  instrument  which  bids  fair  to  be  in  constant  use  in 
our  future  ballistic  experiments.'  — Army  and  Namj  Jourual. 


24        SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Silversmitli's  Hand-Book. 

Fourth  Edition. 

Illustrated.    12mo,    Cloth.  $3.00. 

A  PEACTICAL  HAND-BOOK  FOE  MINERS,  Metallurgists, 
and  Assayers,  comprising  the  most  recent  improvements  in  the 
disintegration,  amalgamation,  smelting,  and  parting  of  the 
Precious  Ores,  with  a  Comprehensive  Digest  of  the  Mining 
Laws.  Greatly  augmented,  revised,  and  corrected.  By  Julius 
Silversmith.  Fourth  edition.  Profusely  illustrated.  1  vol. 
12mo.    Cloth.  $3.00. 

One  of  the  most  important  features  of  this  work  is  that  in  which  tlie 
metallurgy  of  the  precious  metals  is  treated  of.  In  it  the  author  has  endeav- 
ored to  embody  all  the  processes  for  the  reduction  and  manipulation  of  the 
precious  ores  heretofore  successfully  employed  in  Germany,  England,  Mexico, 
and  the  United  States,  together  with  such  as  have  been  more  recently  invented, 
and  not  yet  fully  tested — all  of  which  are  profusely  illustrated  and  easy  of 
comprehension. 


Simms'  Levelling, 

8vo.    Cloth.  $2.50. 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  PEINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF 
LEVELLING,  showing  its  application  to  purposes  of  Railway 
Engineering  and  the  Construction  of  Roads,  &c.  By  Frederick 
W.  SiMMS,  C.  E.  Erom  the  fifth  London  edition,  revised  and 
corrected,  with  the  addition  of  Mr.  Law's  Practical  Examples  for 
Setting  Out  Railway  Curves.  Illustrated  with  three  lithographic 
plates  and  numerous  wood-cuts. 

"  One  of  the  most  important  text-books  for  the  general  surveyor,  and  there 
is  scarcely  a  question  connected  with  levelling  for  which  a  solution  would  be 
sought,  but  that  would  be  satisfactorily  answered  by  consulting  this  volume.'* 
— Mining  Journal. 

The  text-book  on  levelling  in  most  of  our  engineering  schools  and  col- 
leges."— Engineers. 

"The  publishers  haA^e  rendered  a  substantial  service  to  the  profession, 
especially  to  the  younger  members,  by  bringing  out  the  present  edition  of 
Mr.  Simms'  useful  work." — Engineering. 


D.  VAJSr  NOSTEANB.  25 


Eads'  Naval  Defences. 

4to.    Cloth.  $5.00. 

SYSTEM  OF  NAVAL  DEFENCES.  By  James  B.  Eads,  0.  E. 
Report  to  the  Honorable  Gideon  Welles,  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
February  22,  1868,  with  ten  illustrations. 


Stuart's  Naval  Dry  Docks. 

Twenty-four  engravings  on  steel. 

Fourth  Edition. 

4to.    Cloth.  $6.00. 

THE  NAVAL  DRY  DOCKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
By  Charles  B.  Stuaet.  Engineer  in  Chief  of  the  United  States 
Navy. 

List  of  Illustrations. 

Pumping  Engine  and  Pumps — Plan  of  Dry  Dock  and  Pump- Well— Sec- 
tions of  Dry  Dock — Engine  House — Iron  Floating  Gate — Details  of  Floating 
Grate — Iron  Turning  Gate — Plan  of  Turning  Gate — Culvert  Gate — Filling 
Culvert  Gates — Engine  Bed — Plate,  Pumps,  and  Culvert — Engine  House 
Roof — Floating  Sectional  Dock — Details  of  Section,  and  Plan  of  Turn-Tables 
— Plan  of  Basin  and  Marine  Railways — Plan  of  Sliding  Frame,  and  Elevation 
of  Pumps — Hydraulic  Cylinder — Plan  of  Gearing  for  Pumps  and  End  Floats 
— Perspective  View  of  Dock,  Basin,  and  Railway — Plan  of  Basin  of  Ports- 
mouth Dry  Dock — Floating  Balance  Dock — Elevation  of  Trusses  and  the  Ma- 
chinery— Perspective  View  of  Balance  Dry  Dock 


Free  Hand  Drawing. 

Profusely  Illustrated.    18mo.    Cloth.    75  cents. 

A  GUIDE  TO  ORNAMENTAL,  Figure,  and  Landscape  Draw- 
ing.   By  an  Art  Student. 

Contents. — Materials  employed  in  Drawing,  and  how  to  use  them — On 
Lines  and  how  to  Draw  them — On  Shading — Concerning  lines  and  shading, 
with  applications  of  them  to  simple  elementary  subjects — Sketches  from  Na- 
ture. 


26  8CIENTIFIG  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Minifie  s  Meclianical  Drawing. 

Eighth  Edition. 

Royal  8vo.    Cloth.  $4.00. 

A  TEXT-BOOK  OF  GEOMETEICAL  DEAWING  for  the  use 
of  Mechanics  and  Schools,  in  which  the  Definitions  and  Rules  of 
Geometry  are  familiarly  explained  ;  the  Practical  Problems  are 
arranged,  from  the  most  simple  to  the  more  complex,  and  in  their 
description  technicalities  are  avoided  as  much  as  possible.  With 
illustrations  for  Drawing  Plans,  Sections,  and  Elevations  of 
Buildings  and  Machinery ;  an  Introduction  to  Isometrical  Draw- 
ing, and  an  Essay  on  Linear  Perspective  and  Shadows.  Illus- 
trated with  over  200  diagrams  engraved  on  steel.  By  Wm. 
Minifie,  Architect.  Eighth  Edition.  With  an  Appendix  on  the 
Theory  and  Application  of  Colors. 

It  is  the  best  work  on  Drawing  that  we  have  ever  seen,  and  is  especially  a 
text-book  of  Geometrical  Drawing  for  the  use  of  Mechanics  and  Schools.  No 
young  Mechanic,  such  as  a  Machinist,  Engineer,  Cabinet-Maker,  Millwright, 
or  Carpenter,  should  be  without  it." — Scientific  American. 

"  One  of  the  most  comprehensive  works  of  the  kind  ever  published,  and  can- 
not but  possess  great  value  to  builders.  The  style  is  at  once  elegant  and  sub- 
stantial. — Pennsylvania  Inquirer. 

"  Whatever  is  said  is  rendered  perfectly  intelligible  by  remarkably  well- 
executed  diagrams  on  steel,  leaving  nothing  for  mere  vague  supposition ;  and 
the  addition  of  an  introduction  to  isometrical  drawing,  linear  perspective,  and 
the  projection  of  shadows,  winding  up  with  a  useful  index  to  technical  terms." 
—  Glasgow  Mechanics'  Journal. 

The  British  Government  has  authorized  the  use  of  this  book  in  their 
schools  of  art  at  Somerset  House,  London,  and  throughout  the  kingdom. 


Minifie's  Geometrical  Drawing, 

]^ew  Edition.  Enlarged, 

12mo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

GEOMETEICAL  DEAWING.  Abridged  from  the  octavo  edition, 
for  the  use  of  Schools.  Illustrated  with  48  steel  plates.  New 
edition,  enlarged. 

It  is  well  adapted  as  a  text-book  of  drawing  to  be  used  in  our  High  Schools 
and  Academies  where  this  useful  branch  of  tlie  fine  arts  has  been  hitherto  too 
much  neglected." — Boston  Journal. 


D.  VAN^  NOSTBAJSTD,  27 


Bell  on  Iron  Smelting. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $6.00. 

CHEMICAL  PHENOMENA  OF  lEON  SMELTING.  An  ex- 
2jerimental  and  practical  examination  of  the  circumstances  wliicli 
determine  the  capacity  of  the  Blast  Furnace,  the  Temperature 
of  the  Air,  and  the  Proper  Condition  of  the  Materials  to  be 
operated  upon.    By  I.  Lowthian  Bell. 

"  The  reactions  which  take  place  in  every  foot  of  the  blast-furnace  have 
been  investigated,  and  the  nature  of  every  step  in  the  process,  from  the  intro- 
duction of  the  raw  material  into  the  furnace  to  the  production  of  the  pig  iron, 
has  been  carefully  ascertained,  and  recorded  so  fully  that  any  one  in  the  trade 
can  readily  avail  themseh^es  of  the  knowledge  acquired  ;  and  we  have  no  hes- 
itation in  saying'  that  the  judicious  application  of  such  knowledge  will  do 
much  to  facilitate  the  introduction  of  arrangements  which  will  still  further 
economize  fuel,  and  at  the  same  time  permit  of  the  quality  of  the  resulting 
metal  being  maintained,  if  not  improved.  The  volume  is  one  which  no  prac- 
tical pig  iron  manufacturer  can  afford  to  be  without  if  he  be  desirous  of  en- 
tering upon  that  competition  which  nowadays  is  essential  to  progress,  and 
in  issuing  such  a  work  Mr.  Bell  has  entitled  himself  to  the  best  thanks  of 
every  member  of  the  trade." — London  Mining  Journal. 


King's  Notes  on  Steam. 

Thirteenth  Edition. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

LESSONS  AND  PEACTICAL  NOTES  ON  STEAM,  the  Steam- 
Engine,  Propellers,  &c.,  &c.,  for  Young  Engineers,  Students,  and 
others.  By  the  late  W.  E.  King,  U.  S.  N.  Eevised  by  Chief- 
Engineer  J.  W.  King,  U.  S.  Navy. 

"  This  is  one  of  the  best,  because  eminently  plain  and  practical  treatises  on 
the  Steam  Engine  ever  published. ' — Philadelphia  Press, 

This  is  the  thirteenth  edition  of  a  valuable  work  of  the  late  W.  H.  King,  ^ 
U.  S.  IST.  It  contains  lessons  and  practical  notes  on  Steam  and  the  Steam  En- 
gine, Propellers,  etc.  It  is  calculated  to  be  of  great  use  to  young  marine  en- 
gineers, students,  and  others.  The  text  is  illustrated  and  explained  by  nu- 
merous diagrams  and  representations  of  machinery. Daily  Adver- 
tiser. 

Text-book  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis. 


28        SCIEWriFia  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Burgh's  Modern  Marine  Engineering. 

One  thick  4to  vol.    Cloth.    $25.00.    Half  morocco.  $30.00. 

MODEEN  MARINE  ENGINEEEING,  applied  to  Paddle  and 
Screw  Propulsion.  Consisting  of  3G  Colored  Plates,  259  Practical 
Wood-cut  Illustrations,  and  408  pages  of  Descriptive  Matter,  the 
whole  being  an  exposition  of  the  present  practice  of  the  follow- 
ing firms  :  Messrs.  J.  Penn  &  Sons ;  Messrs.  Maudslay,  Sons  & 
Field  ;  Messrs.  James  Watt  &  Co.  ;  Messrs.  J.  &  G.  Eennie  ; 
Messrs.  P.  Napier  &  Sons  ;  Messrs.  J.  &  W.  Dudgeon  ;  Messrs. 
Pavenhill  &  Hodgson ;  Messrs.  Humphreys  &  Tenant ;  Mr. 
J.  T.  Spencer,  and  Messrs.  Forrester  &  Co.  By  N.  P.  Burgh, 
Engineer. 

Principal  Contents. — General  Arrangements  of  Engines,  11  examples 
— General  Arrangement  of  Boilers,  14  examples  —  General  Arrangement  of 
Superkeaters,  11  examples — Details  of  'Oscillating  Paddle  Engines,  34  ex- 
amples— Condensers  for  Screw  Engines,  both  Injection  and  Surface,  20  ex- 
amples— Details  of  Screw  Engines,  20  examples — Cylinders  and  Details  of 
Screw  Engines,  21  examples — Slide  Valves  and  Details,  7  examples — Slide 
Valve,  Link  Motion,  7  examples — Expansion  Valves  and  Gear,  10  exam- 
ples— Details  in  General,  30  examples —Screw  Propeller  and  Fittings,  13  ex- 
amples Engine  and  Boiler  Fittings,  28  examples  -  In  relation  to  the  Princi- 
ples of  the  Marine  Engine  and  Boiler,  33  examples. 

Notices  of  the  Press. 

Every  conceivable  detail  of  the  Marine  Engine,  under  all  its  various 
forms,  is  profusely,  and  we  must  add,  admirably  illustrated  by  a  multitude 
of  engravings,  selected  from  the  best  and  most  modern  practice  of  the  first 
Marine  Engineers  of  the  day.  The  chapter  on  Condensers  is  peculiarly  valu- 
able. In  one  word,  there  is  no  other  work  in  existt  ncc  which  will  bear  a 
moment's  comparison  with  it  as  an  exponent  of  the  skill,  talent  and  practical 
experience  to  which  is  due  the  splendid  reputation  enjoyed  by  many  British 
Marine  "Rn^ixiQer^y — Engineer, 

This  very  comprehensive  work,  which  was  issued  in  Monthly  parts,  has 
just  been  completed.  It  contains  large  and  full  drawings  and  copious  de- 
scriptions of  most  of  the  best  examples  of  Modern  Marine  Engines,  and  it  is 
a  complete  theoretical  and  practical  treatise  on  the  subject  of  Marine  Engi- 
neering."—^Im^r^'caTi  Artisan . 

This  is  the  only  edition  of  th(^  above  work  with  the  beautifully  colored 
plates,  and  it  is  out  of  print  in  England. 


Bourne's  Treatise  on  the  Stea%  ^p- 

gine. 

Ninth  BditioH. 
Illustrated.  4to.  Cloth.  $15.00. 
TEEATISE  ON  THE  STEAM  ENGINE  in  its  various  applica- 
tions to  Mines,  Mills,  Steam  Navigation,  Eailways,  and  Agricul- 
ture, with,  the  theoretical  investigations  respecting  the  Motive 
Power  of  Heat  and  the  proper  Proportions  of  Steam  Engines. 
Elaborate  Tables  of  the  right  dimensions  of  every  part,  and 
Practical  Instructions  for  the  Manufacture  and  Management  of 
every  species  of  Engine  in  actual  use.  By  John  Bofexe,  being 
the  ninth  edition  of  ^' A  Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine,"  by 
the  "Artisan  Club."  Illustrated  by  thirty-eight  plates  and  five 
hundred  and  forty-six  wood-cuts. 

As  Mr.  Bourne's  work  has  the  great  merit  of  avoiding  unsound  and  imma- 
ture views,  it  may  safely  be  consulted  by  all  who  are  really  desirous  of  ac- 
quiring trustworthy  information  on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats.  During 
the  twenty-two  years  which  have  elapsed  from  the  issue  of  the  first  edition, 
the  improvements  introduced  in  the  construction  of  the  steam  engine  have 
been  both  numerous  and  important,  and  of  these  Mr.  Bourne  has  taken  care 
to  point  out  the  more  prominent,  and  to  furnish  the  reader  with  such  infor- 
mation as  shall  enable  him  readily  to  judge  of  their  relative  value.  This  edi- 
tion has  been  thoroughly  modernized,  and  made  to  accord  with  the  opinions 
and  practice  of  the  more  successful  engineers  of  the  present  day.  All  that 
the  book  professes  to  give  is  given  with  ability  and  evident  care.  The  scien- 
tific principles  which  are  permanent  are  admirably  explained,  and  reference 
is  made  to  many  of  the  more  valuable  of  the  recently  introduced  engines.  To 
express  an  opinion  of  the  value  and  utility  of  such  a  work  as  lite  Artisan 
Club's  Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine,  which  has  passed  through  eight  editions 
already,  would  be  superfluous ;  but  it  may  be  safely  stated  that  the  work  is 
worthy  the  attentive  study  of  all  either  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  steam 
engines  or  interested  in  economizing  the  use  of  steam. — Mining  Journal. 


Isherwood's  Engineering  Precedents. 

Two  Vols,  in  One.    8vo.    Cloth.  $2.50. 

ENGINEEEING  PEEOEDENTS  EOE  STEAM  MACHINEEY. 
Arranged  in  the  most  practical  and  useful  manner  for  Engineers. 
By  B.  E.  IsHERwooD,  Civil  Engineer,  U.  S.  Navy.  With  illus- 
trations. 


80        SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Ward's  Steam  for  the  Million. 

New  and  Ilevised  Edition. 
8vo.  Cloth.  $1.00. 

STEAM  FOE  THE  MILLION.  A  Popular  Treatise  on  Steam 
and  its  Application  to  the  Useful  Arts,  especially  to  Naviga- 
tion. By  J.  H.  Waed,  Commander  U.  8.  Navy.  New  and  re- 
vised edition. 

A  most  excellent  work  for  the  young  engineer  and  general  reader.  Many 
facts  relating  to  the  management  of  the  boiler  and  engine  are  set  forth  with  a 
simplicity  of  language  and  perfection  of  detail  that  bring  the  subject  home 
to  the  reader. — American  Engineer. 


Walker's  Screw  Propulsion. 

8vo.    Cloth.    75  cents. 

NOTES  ON  SCEEW  PEOPULSION,  its  Eise  and  History.  By 
Capt.  W.  H.  Walkee,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Commander  Walker's  book  contains  an  immense  amount  of  concise  practi- 
cal data,  and  every  item  of  information  recorded  fully  proves  that  the  various 
points  bearing  upon  it  have  been  well  considered  previously  to  expressing  an 
opinion. — London  Mining  Journal. 


Page's  Earth's  Crust. 

18mo.    Cloth.    75  cents. 

THE  EAETH'S  CRUST :    a  Handy  Outline  of  Geology.  By 
David  Page. 

Such  a  work  as  this  was  much  wanted — a  work  giving  in  clear  and  intel- 
ligible outline  the  leading  facts  of  the  science,  without  amplification  or  irk- 
some details.  It  is  admirable  in  arrangement,  and  clear  and  easy,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  forcible  in  style.  It  will  lead,  we  hope,  to  the  introduction  of 
Geology  into  many  schools  that  have  neither  time  nor  room  for  the  study  of 
large  treatises." — The  Museum. 


D.  VAN  JSrOSTEAND. 


31 


Rogers'  G-eology  of  Peimsylvania. 

3  Vols.  4to,  with  Portfolio  of  Maps.    Cloth.  $30.00. 

THE  GEOLOGY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  A  Government  Sur- 
vey.  With  a  general  view  of  tlie  Geology  of  the  United  States, 
Essays  on  the  Coal  Formation  and  its  Fossils,  and  a  description 
of  the  Coal  Fields  of  North  America  and  Great  Britain.  By 
Henry  Darwi^^  Eogers,  Late  State  Geologist  of  Pennsylvania. 
Splendidly  illustrated  with  Plates  and  Engravings  in  the  Text. 

It  certainly  should  be  in  every  public  library  i^nroughout  the  country,  and 
likewise  in  the  possession  of  all  students  of  Geology.  After  the  final  sale  of 
these  copies,  the  work  will,  of  course,  become  more  valuable. 

The  work  for  the  last  five  years  has  been  entirely  out  of  the  market,  but  a 
few  copies  that  remained  in  the  hands  of  Prof.  Rogers,  in  Scotland,  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  are  now  offered  to  the  public,  at  a  price  wVich  is  even 
below  what  it  was  originally  sold  for  when  first  published. 


Morfit  on  Pure  Fertilizers. 

With  28  Illustrative  Plates.    8vo.    Cloth.  $20.00, 

A  PEACTICAL  TEEATISE  ON  PUEE  FEETILIZEES,  and 
the  Chemical  Conversion  of  Eock  Guanos,  Marlstones,  Coprolites, 
and  the  Crude  Phosphates  of  Lime  and  Alumina  Generally,  into 
various  Valuable  Products.    By  Campbell  Morfit,  M.D.,  E.C.S. 


Sweet's  Report  on  Coal. 

Svo.   Cloth.  $;ioo. 

SPECIAL  EEPOET  ON  COAL  ;  showing  its  Distribution,  Classi- 
fication, and  Cost  delivered  over  different  routes  to  various  points 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  the  principal  cities  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast.    By  S.  H.  Sweet.    With  maps. 


Oolburn's  Gas  Works  of  London. 

12mo.    Boards.    60  cents. 
GAS  WORKS  OP  LONDON.    By  Zeeah  Colburn. 


32         SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


The  Useful  Metals  and  their  Alloys ; 
Scoffren,  Truran,  and  others. 

Fifth  Edition. 

8vo.  Half  calf.  $3.73. 
THE  USEFUL  METALS  AND  THEIR  ALLOYS,  including 
MINING  VENTILATION,  MINING  JUEISPEUDENCE 
AND  METALLURGIC  CHEMISTRY  employed  in  the  conver- 
sion of  IRON,  COPPER,  TIN,  ZINC,  ANTIMONY,  AND 
LEAD  ORES,  with  their  applications  to  THE  INDUSTRIAL 
ARTS.  By  John  Scoffren,  William  Teuean,  William  Clay, 
RoBEUT  OxLAND,  AViLLiAM  Faiiibaien,  W.  C.  Aitkin,  and  Wil- 
liam VosE  Pickett. 


Collins'  Useful  Alloys. 

18mo.    Flexible.    75  cents. 

THE  PEIVATE  BOOK  OF  USEFUL  ALLOYS  and  Memo- 
randa for  Goldsmiths,  Jewellers,  etc.    By  James  E.  Collins 

This  little  book  is  compiled  from  notes  made  by  the  Author  from  the 
papers  of  one  of  the  largest  and  most  eminent  Manufacturing  Groldsmiths  and 
Jewellers  in  this  country,  and  as  the  firm  is  now  no  longer  in  existence,  and  the 
Author  is  at  present  engaged  in  some  other  undertaking,  he  now  offers  to  the 
public  the  benefit  of  his  experience,  and  in  so  doing  he  begs  to  state  that  all 
the  alloys,  etc.,  given  in  these  pages  may  be  confidently  relied  on  as  being 
thoroughly  practicable. 

The  Memoranda  and  Receipts  throughout  this  book  are  also  compiled 
from  practice,  and  will  no  doubt  be  found  useful  to  the  practical  jeweller. 
—Shirley,  July,  1871. 

Joynson  s  Metals  Used  in  Construction. 

12mo.    Cloth.    75  cents. 

THE  METALS  USED  IN  CONSTEUCTION :  Iron,  Steel, 
Bessemer  Metal,  etc.,  etc.  By  Francis  IIehbert  Joynson.  Il- 
lustrated. 

"  In  the  interests  of  practical  science,  we  are  bound  to  notice  this  work  ; 
and  to  those  who  wish  further  information,  we  should  say,  buy  it ;  and  the 
outlay,  we  honestly  believe,  will  be  considered  well  spent."  —  Scientific 
Review. 


D.  VAN  jSrOSTEANB,  I  33 


HoUey's  Ordnance  and  Armor, 

493  Engravings.    Half  Roan,  $10.00.    Half  Russia,  $12.00. 

A  TEEATISE  ON  ORDNANCE  AND  AEMOE— Embracing 
Descriptions,  Discussions,  and  Professional  Opinions  concerning 
the  Material,  Eabrication,  Requirements,  Capabilities,  and  En- 
durance of  European  and  American  Guns,  for  Naval,  Sea  Coast, 
and  Iron-clad  Warfare,  and  their  Rifling,  Projectiles,  and 
Breech-Loading  ;  also.  Results  of  Experiments  against  Armor, 
from  Official  Records,  with  an  Appendix  referring  to  Gun-Cotton , 
Hooped  Guns,  etc.,  etc.  By  Alexander  L.  Holley,  B.  P.  948 
pages,  493  Engravings,  and  147  Tables  of  Results,  etc. 

Contents. 

Chapter  I. — Standard  Guns  and  their  Fabrication  Described :  Section  1 . 
Hooped  Guns ;  Section  2.  Solid  Wrought  Iron  Guns ;  Section  3.  Solid  Steel 
Guns ;  Section  4.  Cast-Iron  Guns.  Chapter  II. — The  Requirements  of  Guns, 
Armor:  Section  1.  The  Work  to  be  done;  Section  2.  Heavy  Shot  at  Low  Ve- 
locities ;  Section  3.  Small  Shot  at  High  Velocities ;  Section  4.  The  two  Sys- 
tems Combined ;  Section  5.  Breaching  Masonry.  Chapter  III. — The  Strains 
and  Structure  of  Guns:  Section  1.  Resistance  to  Elastic  Pressure;  Section  2. 
The  Effects  of  Vibration;  Section  3.  The  Effects  of  Heat.  Chapter  IV.— 
Cannon  Metals  and  Processes  of  Fabrication:  Section  1.  Elasticity  and  Ductil- 
ity; Section  2.  Cast-Iron;  Section  3.  Wrought  Iron;  Section  4.  Steel;  Sec- 
tion 5.  Bronze ;  Section  6.  Other  Alloys.  Chapter  V. — Rifling  and  Projec- 
tiles; Standard  Forms  and  Practice  Described;  Early  Experiments;  The 
Centring  System  ;  The  Compressing  System ;  The  Expansion  System ;  Armor 
Punching  Projectiles ;  Shells  for  Molten  Metal ;  Competitive  Trial  of  Rifled 
Guns,  18G2;  Duty  of  Rifled  Guns:  General  Uses,  Accuracy,  Range, Velocity, 
Strain,  Liability  of  Projectile  to  Injury ;  Firing  Spherical  Shot  from  Rifled 
Guns ;  Material  for  Armor-Punching  Projectiles ;  Shape  of  Armor-Punching 
Projectiles;  Capacity  and  Destructiveness  of  Shells;  Elongated  Shot  from 
Smooth  Bores;  Conclusions;  Velocity  of  Projectiles  (Table).  Chapter  VI. — 
Breech-Loading  Advantages  and  Defects  of  the  System;  Rapid  Firing  and 
Cooling  Guns  by  Machinery ;  Standard  Breech-Loaders  Described.  Part  Sec- 
ond :  Experiments  against  Armor ;  Account  of  Experiments  from  Official 
Records  in  Chronological  Order.  Appendix. — Report  on  the  Application  of 
Gun-Cotton  to  Warlike  Purposes — British  Association,  1863 ;  Manufacture  and 
Experiments  in  England  ;  Guns  Hooped  with  Initial  Tension — History;  How 
Guns  Burst,  by  Wiard,  Lyman's  Accelerating  Gun;  Endurance  of  Parrott 
and  Whitworth  Guns  at  Charleston  ;  Hooping  old  United  States  Cast-iron 
Guns ;  Endurance  and  Accuracy  of  the  Armstrong  600-pounder ;  Competitive 
Trials  with  7-inch  Guns. 


34        SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Peirce's  Analytic  Mechanics. 

4to.    Cloth.  $10.00. 

SYSTEM  OF  ANALYTIC  MECHANICS.  Physical  and  Celestial 
Mechanics.  By  Benjamin  Peirce,  Perkins  Professor  of  Astronomy 
and  Mathematics  in  Harvard  University,  and  Consulting  As- 
tronomer of  the  American  Ephemeris  and  Nautical  Almanac. 
Developed  in  four  systems  of  Analytic  Mechanics,  Celestial 
Mechanics,  Potential  Physics,  and  Analytic  Morphology. 

"  I  have  re-examined  the  memoirs  of  the  great  geometers,  and  have  striven 
to  consoUdate  their  latest  researches  and  their  most  exalted  forms  of  thought 
into  a  consistent  and  uniform  treatise.  If  I  have  hereby  succeeded  in  open- 
ing to  the  students  of  my  country  a  readier  access  to  these  choice  jewels  of 
intellect ;  if  their  brilliancy  is  not  impaired  in  this  attempt  to  reset  them  ;  if, 
in  their  own  constellation,  they  illustrate  each  other,  and  coticentrate 
a  stronger  light  upon  the  names  of  their  discoverers  ,  and,  still  more,  if  any 
gem  which  I  may  have  presumed  to  add  is  not  wholly  lustreless  in  the  collec- 
tion, I  shall  feel  that  my  work  has  not  been  in  vain." — Extract  from  the  PrC' 
face. 

Burt's  Key  to  Solar  Compass. 

Second  Edition. 
Pocket  Book  Form.    Tuck.  $2.50. 

KEY  TO  THE  SOLAE  COMPASS,  and  Surveyor's  Companion  ; 
comprising  all  the  Eules  necessary  for  use  in  the  field;  also, 
Description  of  the  Linear  Surveys  and  Public  Land  System  of 
the  United  States,  Notes  on  the  Barometer,  Suggestions  for  an 
outfit  for  a  Survey  of  four  months,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.  By  W.  A. 
Burt,  U.  S.  Deputy  Surveyor.    Second  edition. 


Chauvenet's  Lunar  Distances. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

NEW  METHOD  OF  COEEECTING  LUNAE  DISTANCES, 
and  Improved  Method  of  Finding  the  Error  and  Eate  of  a  Chro- 
nometer, by  equal  altitudes.  By  Wm.  Cuauyenet,  LL.D.,  Chan- 
cellor of  AVashington  University  of  St.  Louis. 


D.  TAN  NOSTRAND. 


35 


JefFers'  Nautical  Surveying. 

Illustrated  with  9  Copperplates  and  31  Wood-cut  Illustrations.  8vo. 
Cloth.  $5.00. 

NAUTICAL  SURVEYING.    By  William  N.  Jeffees,  Caiotain 
U.  S.  Navy. 

Many  books  have  been  written  on  each  of  the  subjects  treated  of  in  the 
sixteen  chapters  of  this  work;  and,  to  obtain  a  complete  knowledge  of 
geodetic  surveying  requires  a  profound  study  of  the  whole  range  of  mathe- 
matical and  physical  sciences ;  but  a  year  of  preparation  should  render  any 
intelligent  officer  competent  to  conduct  a  nautical  survey. 

Contents. — Chapter  I.  Formuhe  and  Constants  Useful  in  Surveying 
II.  Distinctive  Character  of  Surveys.  III.  Hydrographic  Surveying  under 
Sail ;  or,  Running  Survey.  IV.  Hydrographic  Surveying  of  Boats ;  or,  Har- 
bor Survey.  V.  Tides — Definition  of  Tidal  Phenomena — Tidal  Observations. 
VI.  Measurement  of  Bases — Appropriate  and  Direct.  VII.  Measurement  of 
the  Angles  of  Triangles — Azimuths — Astronomical  Bearings.  VIII.  Correc-  f 
tions  to  be  Applied  to  the  Observed  Angles.  IX.  Levelling — Difference  of 
Level.  X.  Computation  of  the  Sides  of  the  Triangulation — The  Three-point 
Problem.  XI.  Determination  of  the  Geodetic  Latitudes,  Longitudes,  and 
Azimuths,  of  Points  of  a  Triangulation.  XII.  Summary  of  Subjects  treated 
of  in  preceding  Chapters — Examples  of  Computation  by  various  Formulae. 
XIII.  Projection  of  Charts  and  Plans.  XIV.  Astronomical  Determination  of 
Latitude  and  Longitude.  XV.  Magnetic  Observations.  XVI.  Deep  Sea 
Soundings.  XVII.  Tables  for  Ascertaining  Distances  at  Sea,  and  a  full 
Index, 

List  of  Plates. 

Plate  I.  Diagram  Illustrative  of  the  Triangulation.  II.  Specimen  Page 
of  Field  Book.  III.  Running  Survey  of  a  Coast.  IV.  Example  of  a  Running 
Survey  from  Belcher.  V.  Flying  Survey  of  an  Island.  VI.  Survey  of  a 
Shoal.  VII.  Boat  Survey  of  a  River.  VIII.  Three-Point  Problem.  IX. 
Triangulation. 


Coffin's  Navigation. 

Fifth  Edition, 
12mo.    Cloth.  $3.50. 

NAVIGATION  AND  NAUTICAL  ASTEONOMY.  Prepared 
for  the  use  of  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy.  By  J.  H.  C.  CoFri]S', 
Prof,  of  Astronomy,  Navigation  and  Surveying,  with  52  Avood- 
cut  illustrations. 


3G        i^CIENTIFIG  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Clark's  Theoretical  Navigation. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $3.00. 

THEORETICAL  NAVIGATION  AND  NAUTICAL  ASTEON- 
OMY.  By  Lewis  Clark,  Lieut. -Commander,  U.  S.  Navy.  Il- 
lustrated with  41  Wood-cuts,  including  the  Vernier. 

Prepared  for  Use  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy. 


The  Plane  Table. 

Illustrated.    8vo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

ITS  USES  IN  TOPOGRAPHICAL  SURVEYING.    From  the 
Papers  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey. 

This  work  gives  a  description  of  the  Plane  Table  employed  at  the  U.  S. 
Coast  Survey  Office,  and  the  manner  of  using  it. 


Pook  on  Shipbuilding. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $5.00. 

METHOD  OF  COMPARING  THE  LINES  AND  DRAUGHT- 
ING VESSELS  PROPELLED  BY  SAIL  OR  STEAM,  in- 
cluding a  Chapter  on  Laying  off  on  the  Mould-Loft  Floor.  By 
Samuel  M.  Pook,  Naval  Constructor.  1  vol.,  8vo.  With  illus- 
trations.   Cloth.  $5.00. 


Brunnow's  Spherical  Astronomy. 

8yo.    Cloth.  $6.50. 


SPHERICAL  ASTRONOMY.    By  F.  Biiunnow,  Ph.  Dr.  Trans- 
lated by  the  Author  from  the  Second  German  edition. 


Van  Buren's  Formnlas.  , 

8vo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

INVESTIGATIONS  OF  FOEMULAS,  for  the  Strength  of  the 
Iron  Parts  of  Steam  Machinery.  By  J.  D.  Van  Buken,  Jr.,  0.  E. 
Illustrated. 

This  is  an  analytical  discussion  of  the  formulse  employed  by  mechanical 
engineers  in  determining  the  rupturing  or  crippling  pressure  in  the  different 
parts  of  a  machine.  The  forynulse  are  founded  upon  the  principle,  that  the 
different  parts  of  a  machine  should  be  equally  strong,  and  are  developed  in 
reference  to  the  ultimate  strength  of  the  material  in  order  to  leave  the  choice 
of  a  factor  of  safety  to  the  judgment  of  the  designer,— SiUiman^s  JouimaL 


Joynson  on  Machine  Gearing, 

8vo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

THE  MECHANIC'S  AND  STUDENT'S  GUIDE  in  the  Design- 
ing and  Construction  of  General  Machine  Gearing,  as  Eccentrics, 
Screws,  Toothed  Wheels,  etc.,  and  the  Drawing  of  Eectilineal 
and  Curved  Surfaces  ;  with  Practical  Bules  and  Details.  Edited 
by  Fkancis  Herbert  Joynson.  Illustrated  with  18  folded 
plates. 

"  The  aim  of  this  work  is  to  be  a  guide  to  mechanics  in  the  designing  and 
construction  of  general  machine-gearing.  This  design  it  well  fulfils,  being 
plainly  and  sensibly  written,  and  profusely  illustrated." — Sunday  Times. 


Barnard's  Report,  Paris  Exposition, 

1867. 

Illustrated.    8vo.    Cloth.  $5.00. 

REPOET  ON  MACIIINEEY  AND  PEOCESSES  ON  THE 
INDUSTEIAL  AETS  AND  APPAEATUS  OF  THE  EXACT 
SCIENCES.  By  F.  A.  P.  Barnard,  LL.D.— Paris  Universal 
Exposition,  1867. 

"  We  have  in  this  volume  the  results  of  Dr.  Barnard's  gtudy  of  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1867,  in  the  form  of  an  official  Report  of  the  Government.  It 
is  the  most  exhaustive  treatise  upon  modern  inventions  that  has  appeared 
since  the  Universal  Exhibition  of  1851,  and  we  doubt  if  anything  equal  to  it 
has  appeared  this  eexdviVj.''^ — Journal  Applied  Chemistry. 


38 


SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Engineering  Facts  and  Figures. 

18mo.    Cloth.    $2.50  per  Volume. 

AN  ANNUAL  EEGISTER  OF  PEOGEESS  IN  MECHANI- 
CAL ENGINEERING  AND  CONSTEUCTION,  for  the  Years 
1863-64-65-66-67-68.    Fully  illustrated.    6  volumes. 

Each  volume  sold  separately. 


Beckwith's  Pottery. 

'8vo.    Cloth.  $1.50. 

OBSEEVATIONS  ON  THE  MATERIALS  and  Manufacture  of 
Terra-Cotta,  Stone-Ware,  Eire-Brick,  Porcelain  and  Encaustic 
Tiles,  with  Remarks  on  the  Products  exhibited  at  the  London 
International  Exhibition,  187  L  By  Arthur  Beck  with,  Civil 
Engineer. 

"  Everything  is  noticed  in  this  book  which  comes  under  the  head  of  Pot- 
tery, from  fine  porcelain  to  ordinary  brick,  and  aside  from  the  interest  which 
all  take  in  such  manufactures,  the  work  will  be  of  considerable  value  to 
followers  of  the  ceramic  art." — Evening  Mail. 


Dodd's  Dictionary  of  Manufactures,  etc, 

12mo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

DICTIONARY  OF  MANUFACTURES,  MINING,  MACHIN- 
ERY, AND  THE  INDUSTRIAL  ARTS.    By  George  Dodd, 

This  work,  a  small  book  on  a  great  subject,  treats,  in  ali)habetical  ar- 
rangement, of  those  numerous  matters  which  come  generally  within  the  range 
of  manufactures  and  the  productive  arts.  The  raw  materials — animal,  vege- 
table, and  mineral — whence  the  manufactured  products  are  derived,  are  suc- 
cinctly noticed  in  connection  with  the  processes  which  they  undergo,  but  not 
as  subjects  of  natural  history.  The  operations  of  the  Mine  and  the  Mill,  the 
Foundry  and  the  Forge,  the  Factory  and  the  "Workshop,  are  passed  under  re- 
view. The  principal  machines  and  engines,  tools  and  apparatus,  concerned  in 
manufacturing  processes,  are  briefly  described.  The  scale  on  which  our  chief 
branches  of  national  industry  are  conducted,  in  regard  to  values  and  quantities, 
is  indicated  in  various  ways. 


IX  VAN  jSrOSTRAND. 


39 


i    Stuart's  Civil  and  Military  Engineer- 
ing of  America. 

I  8vo.    Illustrated.    Cloth.  $5.00. 

THE  CIVIL  AND  MILITARY  ENGINEERS  OF  AMERICA. 
By  General  Charles  B.  Stuart,  Author  of  *^  Naval  Dry  Docks 
of  the  United  States,"  etc.,  etc.  Embellished  with  nine  finely 
executed  portraits  on  steel  of  eminent  engineers,  and  illustrated 
by  engravings  of  some  of  the  most  important  and  original  works 
constructed  in  America, 

Containing  sketches  of  the  Life  and  Works  of  Major  Andrew  EUicott, 
James  Geddes  (with  Portrait \  Benjamin  Wright  (with  Portrait),  Canvass 
White  (with  Portrait),  David  Stanhope  Bates,  Nathan  S.  Roberts,  Gridley 
Bryant  (with  Portrait),  GeneralJoseph  G.  Swift,  Jesse  L.  Williams  (with 
Portrait),  Colonel  William  McRee,  Samuel  H.  Kneass,  Capt.ain  John  Childe 
with  Portrait  \  Frederick  Harbach,  Major  David  Bates  Douglas  (with  Por- 
trait), Jonathan  Knight,  Benjamin  H.  Latrobe  (with  Portrait),  Colonel  Char- 
les Ellet,  Jr.  (^with  Portrait),  Samuel  Forrer,  William  Stuart  Watson,  John 
A.  Roebling. 


Alexander's  Dictionary  of  Weights 
and  Measures. 

8vo.    Cloth.  $3.50. 

UNIVEESAL  DICTIONAEY  OE  WEIGHTS  AND  MEAS- 
URES, Ancient  and  Modern,  reduced  to  the  standards  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  By  J.  H.  Alexander.  New  edition. 
1  vol. 

"  As  a  standard  work  of  reference,  this  book  should  be  in  every  library  ;  it 
is  one  which  we  have  long  wanted,  and  it  will  save  much  trouble  and  re- 
search."— Scientific  A merimn. 


Gouge  on  Ventilation- 

Third  Edit  ton  Enlarged. 
8vo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 
NEW  SYSTEM  OF  VENTILATION,  which  has  been  thoroughly 
tested  under  the  patronage  of  many  distinguished  persons.  By 
Henry  A.  Gouge,  with  many  illustrations. 


40        SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Saeltzer's  Acoustics. 

12mo.    Cloth.  $2.00. 

TEEATISE  ON  ACOUSTICS  in  Connection  with  Ventilation. 
With  a  new  theory  based  on  an  important  discovery,  of  facilitat- 
ing clear  and  intelligible  sound  in  any  building.  By  Alexandeh 
Saeltzer. 

"  A  practical  and  very  sound  treatise  on  a  subject  of  great  importance  to 
architects,  and  one  to  which  there  has  hitherto  been  entirly  too  little  attention 
paid.  The  author's  theory  is,  that,  by  bestowing  proper  care  upon  the  point 
of  Acoustics,  the  requisite  ventilation  will  be  obtained,  and  vice  versa. — 
Brooklyn  Union, 


Myer's  Manual  of  Signals. 

yeiv  Edition.  Enlarged. 

13mo.    48  Plates  full  Roan.  $5.00. 

MANUAL  OF  SIGNALS,  for  the  Use  of  Signal  Officers  in  the 
Eieldj  and  for  Military  and  Naval  Students,  Military  Schools, 
etc.  A  new  edition,  enlarged  and  illustrated.  By  Brig.-Gen. 
Albert  J.  Myek,  Chief  Signal  Officer  of  the  Army,  Colonel  of 
the  Signal  Corps  during  the  War  of  the  Bebellion. 


Larrabee's  Secret  Letter  and 
Telegraph  Code. 

18mo.    Cloth.  $1.00. 

CIPHEK  AND  SECEET  LETTEE  AND  TELEGEAPHIC 
CODE,  with  Hogg's  Improvements.  The  most  perfect  secret 
Code  ever  invented  or  discovered.  Impossible  to  read  without 
the  Key.  Invaluable  for  Secret,  Military,  Naval,  and  Diplo- 
matic Service,  as  well  as  for  Brokers,  Bankers,  and  Merchants. 
By  C.  S.  LArxR  VBEE,  the  original  inventor  of  the  scheme. 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND. 


41 


Hunt's  Designs  for  Central  Park 
Gateways. 

4to.    Cloth.  $5.00. 

DESIGNS  FOE  THE  GATEWAYS  OF  THE  SOUTHEEN 
ENTEANCES  TO  THE  CENTEAL  PAEK.  By  Eichard  M. 
Hunt.    With  a  description  of  the  designs. 


Pickert  and  Metcalf's  Art  of  Graining. 

1  vol.    4to.    Cloth.  $10.00. 

THE  AET  OF  GEAINING.  How  Acquired  and  How  Produced, 
with  description  of  colors  and  their  appHcation.  By  Chables 
Pickert  and  Abraham  Metcalf.  Beautifully  illustrated  with  42 
tinted  plates  of  the  various  woods  used  in  interior  finishing. 
Tinted  paper. 

The  authors  present  here  the  result  of  long  experience  in  the  practice  of 
this  decorative  art,  and  feel  confident  that  they  hereby  offer  to  their  brother 
artisans  a  reliable  guide  to  improvement  in  the  practice  of  graining. 


Portrait  Gallery  of  the  War. 

60  fine  Portraits  on  Steel.    Royal  8vo.   Cloth.  $6.00. 

POETEAIT  GALLEEY  OF  THE  WAE,  CIVIL,  MILITAEY 
AND  NAVAL.  A  Biographical  Eecord.  Edited  by  Frank 
Moore. 


One  Law  in  Nature. 

13mo.    Cloth.  $1.50. 

ONE  LAW  IN  NATUEE.  By  Capt.  H.  M.  Lazelle,  U.  S.  A. 
A  New  Corpuscular  Theory,  comprehending  Unity  of  Force, 
Identity  of  Matter,  and  its  Multiple  Atom  Constitution,  applied 
to  the  Physical  Affections  or  Modes  of  Energy. 


42  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


West  Point  Scrap  Book. 

09  Engravings  and  Map.    8vo.    Extra  Cloth.  $5.00. 

WEST  rOINT  SCEAP  BOOK.    Being  a  Collection  of  Legends, 

Stories,  Songs,  etc.,  of  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy.  By  Lieut.  0. 

E.  Wood,  U.  S.  A.    Beautifully  printed  on  tinted  paper. 

*'  It  is  the  work  of  several  different  writers,  whose  names  are  withheld  from 
the  public,  but  whose  contributions  all  bear  a  decided  flavor  of  their  origin, 
preserving  the  unity  of  a  military  education  and  exj^erience.  The  volume 
abounds  with  personal  anecdotes  and  humorous  narratives,  seasoned  with 
copious  specimens  of  the  students'  songs,  and  presenting  a  vivid,  and  doubtless 
a  faithful,  exhibition  of  the  peculiar  lights  and  shades  of  "West  Point  life." — 
N.  T,  Tribune,  

History  of  West  Point. 

Second  Edition. 

With  36  Illustrations  and  Maps.    8vo.    Extra  Cloth.  $3.50. 

HISTOEY  OF  WEST  POINT.    Its  Military  Importance  during 

the  American  Hevolution,  and  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  U. 

S.  Military  Academy.     By  Bvt.-Major  E.  C.  Boynton.  416 

pages.    Printed  on  tinted  paper. 

Aside  from  its  value  as  an  historical  record,  the  volume  under  notice  is  an 
entertaining  guide-book  to  the  Military  Academy  and  its  surroundings.  We 
have  full  details  of  Cadet  life  from  the  day  of  entrance  to  that  of  graduation, 
together  with  descriptions  of  the  buildings,  grounds  and  monuments.  To 
the  multitude  of  those  who  have  enjoyed  at  West  Point  the  combined  attrac- 
tions, this  book  will  give,  in  its  descriptive  and  illustrated  portion,  especial 
pleasure."— iVei/?  York  Evening  Post 

West  Point  Life. 

Oblong  8vo.    21  full-page  Illustrations.    Cloth.  $2.50. 

WEST  POINT  LIFE.    A  Poem  read  before  the  Dialectic  Society 

of  the  United  States  Military  Academy.    Illustrated  with  Pen 

and  Ink  Sketches.    By  A  Cadet.    To  which  is  added  the  song 

Benny  Havens,  Oh!" 

"  Summer  visitors  at  West  Point  will  especially  enjoy  these  illustrations  ; 
and  the  poem  itself  may  be  regarded  as  a  description  of  Cadet  life,  as  seen 
from  the  inside,  by  one  who  appreciates  it." — iVl  Y,  Journal  of  Commerce. 

Gruide  to  West  Point 

and  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy,  with  Maps  and  Engravings. 
18mo.    Blue  Cloth.    Flexible  Covers.  $1.00. 


43 


SILVER  MINING  REGIONS  OF  COLORADO,  with  some 
account  of  the  different  Processes  now  being  introduced  for 
working  the  Gold  Ores  of  that  Territory.  By  J.  P.  Whitney. 
12mo.    Paper.    25  cents. 

COLORADO :  SCHEDULE  OF  ORES  contributed  by  sundry 
persons  to  the  Paris  Universal  Exposition  of  1867,  with  some 
information  about  the  Region  and  its  Resources.  By  J.  P. 
Whitney,  Commissioner  from  the  Territory.  8vo.  Paper,  with 
Maps.    25  cents. 


THE  SILVER  DISTRICTS  OF  NEVADA.    Witli  Map.  Svo. 
Paper.    35  cents. 


ARIZONA :  ITS  RESOURCES  AND  PROSPECTS.  By  Hon. 
R.  C.  McCoRMiCK,  Secretary  of  the  Territory.  With  Map.  Svo. 
Paper.    25  cents. 


MONTANA  AS  IT  IS.  Being  a  general  description  of  its  Re- 
sources, both  Mineral  and  Agricultui-al ;  including  a  complete 
description  of  the  face  of  the  country,  its  climate,  etc.  Illustrated 
with  a  Map  of  the  Territory,  showing  the  different  Roads  and 
the  location  of  the  different  Mining  Districts.  To  which  is 
appended  a  complete  Dictionai-y  of  The  Snake  Language,  and 
also  of  the  famous  Chinnook  Jargon,  with  numerous  critical  and 
explanatory  Notes.    By  Geanville  Stuart.  Svo.  Paper.  $2.00. 


RAILWAY  GAUGES.  A  Review  of  the  Theory  of  Narrow 
Gauges  as  appHed  to  Main  Trunk  Lines  of  Railway.  By  Silas 
Seymour,  Genl.  Consulting  Engineer.    Svo.    Paper,    50  cents. 


REPORT  made  to  the  President  and  Executive  Board  of  the 
Texas  Pacific  Railroad.  By  Gen.  G.  P.  Buell,  Chief  Engineer. 
Svo.    Paper.    75  cents. 


44 


/).  VAN  NOSTEAND. 


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